Stochastic modelling of the hydraulic performance of an onsite rainwater harvesting system in Mediterranean climate

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1614-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Muklada ◽  
Y. Gilboa ◽  
E. Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Specific Storage ◽  
Rainfall Frequency ◽  
Roof Area ◽  
Use Efficiency

The performance of onsite rainwater harvesting (RWH) system in Mediterranean climate was assessed. A stochastic model quantifying the necessary storage, as a function of rainfall (frequency, depth), roof area, residents’ number, specific water use (toilet flushing, laundry) and the required efficiency was developed. Two performance indicators were calculated: water saving efficiency (RSE) – proportion of water used supplied by the RWH system; and rainwater use efficiency (RUE) – proportion of rainwater actually used. The maximum storage capacity and WSE decreased with increasing number of residents for a given roof area, and with an increasing roof area for constant number of residents. For variable storage volume, RUE increased with increasing storage capacity and reached a maximum with an increase in residents’ number and a decrease in the roof area. The model enables to determine WSE and RUE for specific storage volumes or to determine the desired WSE and calculate the necessary storage.

scholarly journals Sizing of Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems Using Economic Performance Indicators to Support Water Supply Systems

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umapathi ◽  
Pezzaniti ◽  
Beecham ◽  
Whaley ◽  
Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Rainwater Tank ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Roof Area

This paper presents a monitoring-based investigation of rainwater collection systems using economic performance indicators in a group of households with nonconventional end-uses for rainwater that are not traditionally associated with rainwater supply. The monitored data for five household rainwater tank systems were analysed in two stages. For the first stage, the data was empirically analysed to develop a method to predict effective roof catchment areas. For the second stage, the effective roof catchment areas, together with roof area connection percentages, were analysed against different types of water demands in individual households. The individual systems were investigated for yield capacities, costs and water security using a modified Roof Runoff Harvesting Systems average annual yield model based on daily water balance procedures. The Life Cycle Costing analysis of the systems using the model was based on the Capital Recovery Method by taking into consideration the capital costs as well as ongoing costs for maintenance, replacement and operation of the systems. The analysis established the optimal sizing requirements for the studied rainwater tanks and their corresponding roof area connectivity.

Warming affects seasonal dynamics of microorganisms and reduces the N storage capacity of soil microbes in winter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Gündler ◽  
Alberto Canarini ◽  
Sara Marañón Jiménez ◽  
Gunnhildur Gunnarsdóttir ◽  
Páll Sigurðsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Carbon Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
C And N

<p>Seasonality of soil microorganisms plays a critical role in terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. The asynchrony of immobilization by microbes and uptake by plants may be important for N retention during winter, when plants are inactive. Meanwhile, the known warming effects on soil microbes (decreasing biomass and increasing growth rates) may affect microbial seasonal dynamics and nutrient retention during winter.</p><p>We sampled soils from a geothermal warming site in Iceland (www.forhot.is) which includes three in situ warming levels (ambient, +3 °C, +6 °C). We harvested soil samples at 9 time points over one year and measured the seasonal variation in microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and nitrogen (Nmic) and microbial physiology (growth and carbon use efficiency) by an <sup>18</sup>O-labelling technique.</p><p>We observed that Cmic and Nmic peaked in winter, followed by a decline in spring and summer. In contrast growth and respiration rates were higher in summer than winter. The observed biomass peak at lower growth rates, suggests that microbial death rates must have declined even more than growth rates. Soil warming increased biomass-specific microbial activity (i.e., growth, respiration, and turnover rates per unit of microbial biomass), prolonging the period of higher microbial activity found in summer into autumn and winter. Microbial carbon use efficiency was unaltered by soil warming. Throughout the seasons, warming reduced Cmic and Nmic, albeit with a stronger effect in winter than summer and restrained winter biomass accumulation by up to 78% compared to ambient conditions. We estimated a reduced microbial winter N storage capacity by 45.5 and 94.6 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> at +3 °C and +6 °C warming respectively compared to ambient conditions. This reduction represents 1.57% and 3.26% of total soil N stocks, that could potentially be lost per year from these soils.</p><p>Our results clearly demonstrate that soil warming strongly decreases microbial C and N immobilization when plants are inactive, potentially leading to higher losses of C and N from warmed soils over winter. These results have important implications as increased N losses may restrict increased plant growth in a future climate.</p>

scholarly journals Mitigating thermal and water stress in lentils via cultivar selection and phosphorus fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia S. Theologidou ◽  
Demetrios Baxevanos ◽  
Ioannis T. Tsialtas
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Season Interaction

Abstract Climate change affects the Mediterranean region stressing lentil crops during flowering and seed set. Early maturation and drought tolerance are desirable traits in these conditions. Phosphorus (P) is considered to enhance early flowering, maturity and thus yields. Four P rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P2O5 ha−1) were applied on four cultivars (Samos, Thessaly, Flip, Ikaria) during two seasons. Growing degree-days (GDD) were calculated for vegetative (V4–5, V7–8) and reproductive stages (R1, R2, R4, R6, R8). At R2 (full bloom) carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was used to assess water-use efficiency. At R8 (full maturity), the seed weight (SW) was determined by harvest. Cultivars, P and the P × cultivar and P × growth season interactions affected the earliness in reproductive stages; P had no effect on GDD of vegetative stages. Phosphorus both induced earliness (Flip, Thessaly) and delayed maturity (Samos, Ikaria). GDD and SW were negatively correlated for the P × cultivar interaction at R1 (first bloom), R2, R4 (flat pod) and R6 (full pod filling) stages; being the strongest at R1. Negative correlations were evident for the P × growth season interaction at R2, R4 and R6 stages; being the strongest at R4. Cultivars and P did not affect Δ. A proper combination of cultivar and P rate can mitigate lentil yield losses under changing Mediterranean climate.

scholarly journals A Case Study on Reliability, Water Demand and Economic Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting in Australian Capital Cities

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2606
Author(s):  
Preeti Preeti ◽  
Ataur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Australian Capital ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Roof Area ◽  
Daily Water

This paper presents reliability, water demand and economic analysis of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems for eight Australian capital cities (Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney). A Python-based tool is developed based on a daily water balance modelling approach, which uses input data such as daily rainfall, roof area, overflow losses, daily water demand and first flush. Ten different tank volumes are considered (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 75 and 100 m3). It is found that for a large roof area and tank size, the reliability of RWH systems for toilet and laundry use is high, in the range of 80–100%. However, the reliability for irrigation use is highly variable across all the locations. For combined use, Adelaide shows the smallest reliability (38–49%), while Hobart demonstrates the highest reliability (61–77%). Furthermore, economic analysis demonstrates that in a few cases, benefit–cost ratio values greater than one can be achieved for the RWH systems. The findings of this study will help the Australian Federal Government to enhance RWH policy, programs and subsidy levels considering climate-sensitive inputs in the respective cities.

DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY BUILDING BASED ON THE LOCAL WISDOM PHILOSOPHY OF SUMATERA TRADITIONAL HOUSE

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gatot Eko Susilo ◽  
Ankavisi Nalaralagi
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Rainfall Station ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Roof Area ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Water Uses

local wisdom philosophy of the Sumatera traditional house. The house is a combination between modern and traditional house of Sumatera which is a stilt house. The basement of the house is designed as rainwater storage in order to guarantee the availability of household water supply. On the other hand, the upper part of the house is designed as a dwelling. Simulation is undertaken in order to investigate the water volume behavior in the storage due to the variation of rainfall and water uses in the house. The simulation is applied in a house with a roof area of 54 m2, 4 residents, and 24 m3 of storage capacity. Daily rainfall data are obtained from the rainfall station in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. The result of the simulation indicates that rainwater facility in the house is relatively effective to store rain water and to provide household water supply. For wet year periods, the system is able to supply about 80% to 90% of the total needs. Oppositely, in the dry seasons, the system can support the household water demand up to 60% of total needs.  

Anthropogenic NOx emissions alter the intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) for Quercus cerris stands under Mediterranean climate conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 158 (9) ◽  
pp. 2841-2847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Guerrieri ◽  
Rolf Siegwolf ◽  
Matthias Saurer ◽  
Francesco Ripullone ◽  
Maurizio Mencuccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Quercus Cerris
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