Modelling of the impact of future climate changes on salt accumulation in paddocks of different soil types due to recycled water irrigation

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muhitur Rahman ◽  
Dharma Hagare ◽  
Basant Maheshwari ◽  
Peter Dillon ◽  
Golam Kibria
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Recycled water contains elevated amounts of salt compared with irrigation water originating from surface water sources. As such, recycled water, if used for irrigation over a long period of time may increase the root zone salinity. However, the phenomenon depends on variability of climatic condition and soil characteristics. In this study, a salt transport model, HYDRUS 1D, was used to predict long-term salt accumulation in two paddocks containing loamy sand and loam soil. The paddocks are located within Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury campus. Impact of rainfall on salt accumulation was studied with the data from the Global Climate Model for the years 2021–2040. The long-term (20 years) salt accumulation showed a cyclical pattern because of variation in rainfall and evapotranspiration. It was found that soil water electrical conductivity (ECSW) was 24% higher in loam soil paddock compared with that of loamy sand. Amount of leachate in the loamy sand paddock was 27% more than the amount leached from that of loam, which may pose a salinity risk to the groundwater if there is a perched aquifer in the field at a depth <1 m. Results from this study indicate that salt accumulation depends on soil type which seems to be more pronounced under low rainfall condition.

scholarly journals Modelling Salinity and Sodicity Risks of Long-Term Use of Recycled Water for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Vinod Phogat ◽  
Dirk Mallants ◽  
Jirka Šimůnek ◽  
James W. Cox ◽  
Paul R. Petrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
The Impact

Long-term use of recycled water (RW) for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions usually changes the soil solution composition and soil exchange characteristics, enhancing the risk for salinity and sodicity hazards in soils. This modelling study focuses on developing alternative management options that can reduce the potentially harmful impacts of RW use on the irrigation of wine grapes and almonds. The multicomponent UNSATCHEM add-on module for HYDRUS-1D was used to evaluate the impact of long-term (2018–2050) use of irrigation waters of different compositions: good-quality low-salinity (175 mg/L) water (GW), recycled water with 1200 mg/L salinity (RW), blended water of GW and RW in the 1:1 proportion (B), and monthly (Alt1) and half-yearly (Alt6) alternate use of GW and RW. The management options include different levels of annual gypsum applications (0, 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha soil) to the calcareous (Cal) and hard red-brown (HRB) soils occurring in the Northern Adelaide Plain (NAP) region, South Australia. Additional management scenarios involve considering different leaching fractions (LF) (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) to reduce the salinity build-up in the soil. A new routine in UNSATCHEM to simulate annual gypsum applications was developed and tested for its applicability for ameliorating irrigation-induced soil sodicity. The 1970–2017 period with GW irrigation was used as a warmup period for the model. The water quality was switched from 2018 onwards to reflect different irrigation water qualities, gypsum applications, and LF levels. The data showed that the GW, B, Alt1, and Alt6 irrigation scenarios resulted in lower soil solution salinity (ECsw) than the RW irrigation scenario, which led to increased ECsw values (4.1–6.6 dS/m) in the soil. Annual gypsum applications of 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha reduced pH, SAR, and ESP in both soils and reduced the adverse impacts of irrigation, especially in surface soils. A combination of water blending or cyclic water use with 3.8 t/ha annual gypsum applications showed promise for the SAR and ESP control. Additionally, irrigation with RW, a 0.2 LF, and annual gypsum applications limited the harmful salinity impacts in the soils. However, in the RW irrigation scenario, ECsw and ESP at the bottom of the crop root zone (90–120 cm depth) in the HRB soil were still higher than the wine grape and almond salinity thresholds. Thus, annual amendment applications, combined with the long-term use of blended water or cyclic use of RW and GW, represent a sustainable management option for crop production at the calcareous and hard red-brown soils.

scholarly journals Using Soil Solution Monitoring to Determine the Effects of Irrigation Management and Fertigation on Nitrogen Availability in High-density Apple Orchards

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
E.J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Direct application of fertilizers in irrigation water (fertigation) is an efficient method of supplying nutrients to fruit trees. Information is needed on the relationship between irrigation and N inputs on N availability in order to target nutrient applications to meet plant demands. Soil solution was collected from permanently installed suction lysimeters and NO3-N concentration was measured over the growing season in three experiments: 1) comparison of sprinkler irrigation + broadcast fertilizer with weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation; 2) comparison of (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 as N sources under daily fertigation; and 3) comparisons of combinations of irrigation applied at either fixed rates or to meet evaporative demand and fertilizer (Ca(NO3)2) applied daily either at fixed rates or to maintain a given concentration in the fertigation solution in two soil types—loamy sand and silt loam. Trials are located in high density apple plantings of either `Gala' or `Empire' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) on M.9 rootstock. Nitrate-N concentration in the soil solution measured at 30 cm deep remained higher, over more of the growing season, for weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation than for a single broadcast fertilizer application + sprinkler irrigation. With daily Ca(NO3)2 fertigation, soil solution NO3- N concentrations increased and decreased rapidly with the onset and end of fertigation respectively, remained relatively constant during the intervening period and were directly proportional to either the amount of N or the amount of irrigation water added. Daily fertigation with (NH4)2SO4 resulted in less control of NO3-N availability in the root-zone than with Ca(NO3)2, which may be problematic for precise timing of N nutrition. Except for the fixed irrigation rate applied to the loamy sand soil, soil solution NO3-N concentrations at 30 cm beneath the emitter were similar to average concentrations in the fertigating solution, for all methods of irrigation management in both soil types. Elevated NO3-N concentrations in soil solution below the root zone (75 cm deep) were detected in the loamy sand regardless of methods of N application and irrigation although there was some evidence of less leaching to this depth, under scheduled irrigation. In the silt loam soil, considerably lower concentrations of NO3-N were found beneath the root zone than at 30 cm deep for all of irrigation procedures and frequently there was insufficient water moving to 75 cm to provide sample. Tree growth in the loamy sand was less than in the silt loam soil; was limited by low application of irrigation water in 1992 and 1993; was unaffected by NO3-N concentration in the root zone, indicating that N inputs could be minimized by adding N to maintain concentrations of 75 μg·mL-1 or possibly less. Nitrogen inputs may also be reduced if fertilizer N and irrigation water could be retained within the root zone. For coarse-textured soils this will require precise additions of water and possibly soil amendments to improve water holding capacity.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Long-Term Response of Offshore Structures: A Study Case

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irvin Alberto Mosquera ◽  
Luis Volnei Sudati Sagrilo ◽  
Paulo Maurício Videiro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Wave Parameter ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Response

Abstract This paper discusses the influence of the climate change in the long-term response of offshore structures. The case studied is a linear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system under environmental load wave characterized by the JONSWAP spectrum. The wave parameter data used in the analyses were obtained from running the wind wave WaveWatch III with wind field input data derived from two Global Climate Models (GCMs): HadGEM2-ES and MRI-CGCM3 considering historical and future greenhouse emissions scenarios. The study was carried out for two locations: one in the North Atlantic and the other in Brazilian South East Coast. Environmental contours have been used to estimate the extreme long-term response. The results suggest that climate change would affect the structure response and its impact is highly depend on the structure location, the global climate model and the greenhouse emissions scenario selected.

Numerical models of the exchange flows between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Hamblin ◽  
C He
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Exchange Flows ◽  
Hamilton Harbour ◽  
The Impact

Accurate simulations of the flow and the transport of water quality constituents in such coastal zones of large lakes as the western end of Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour are needed to assess the impact on pollutant levels of cleanup operations and sewage diversions. Coastal models in temperate zone lakes are classified in terms of density stratification, uniform in winter and stratified during summer. During the winter period a 1-D model of the flow between a lake and adjacent harbour is shown to agree favourably with advanced acoustic measurements of the flow in the connecting passage, but does not account for the observed winter buildup of salinity in the harbour. A calibrated 2-D hydrodynamic and salt transport model is used to show that significant exchange does not take place unless the excursion of the inflow is several times greater than the length of the connecting channel, an infrequent occurrence. The exchange is also shown to depend on the flow field at the entrances of the channel. In summer a 1-D vertical model illustrates the dramatic effect of the inflow from Lake Ontario on hypolimnetic temperatures of the harbour. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and temperature–salt transport models are validated by extensive field observations taken in 1996. The stratified exchange is much stronger than its winter counterpart and more steady. Winter exchange is forced by short-term water level fluctuations, whereas summer or stratified exchange by slowly fluctuating density contrasts between the two water bodies.Key words: exchange flows, hydrodynamic and transport modelling, lakes, harbours, water quality.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Consistency Evaluation of XCO2 Retrievals from GOSAT and OCO-2 Based on TCCON and Model Data for Joint Utilization in Carbon Cycle Research

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawen Kong ◽  
Baozhang Chen ◽  
Simon Measho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

The global carbon cycle research requires precise and sufficient observations of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO 2 (XCO 2 ) in addition to conventional surface mole fraction observations. In addition, assessing the consistency of multi-satellite data are crucial for joint utilization to better infer information about CO 2 sources and sinks. In this work, we evaluate the consistency of long-term XCO 2 retrievals from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) in comparison with Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the 3D model of CO 2 mole fractions data from CarbonTracker 2017 (CT2017). We create a consistent joint dataset and compare it with the long-term model data to assess their abilities to characterize the carbon cycle climate. The results show that, although slight increasing differences are found between the GOSAT and TCCON XCO 2 in the northern temperate latitudes, the GOSAT and OCO-2 XCO 2 retrievals agree well in general, with a mean bias ± standard deviation of differences of 0.21 ± 1.3 ppm. The differences are almost within ±2 ppm and are independent of time, indicating that they are well calibrated. The differences between OCO-2 and CT2017 XCO 2 are much larger than those between GOSAT and CT XCO 2 , which can be attributed to the significantly different spatial representatives of OCO-2 and the CT-transport model 5 (TM5). The time series of the combined OCO-2/GOSAT dataset and the modeled XCO 2 agree well, and both can characterize significantly increasing atmospheric CO 2 under the impact of a large El Niño during 2015 and 2016. The trend calculated from the dataset using the seasonal Kendall (S-K) method indicates that atmospheric CO 2 is increasing by 2–2.6 ppm per year.

scholarly journals Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a 3-D CTM forced by ERA-40 analyses

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2357-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Feng ◽  
M. P. Chipperfield ◽  
M. Dorf ◽  
K. Pfeilsticker ◽  
P. Ricaud
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Positive Anomaly ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Column Ozone ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. We have used an off-line three-dimensional (3-D) chemical transport model (CTM) to study long-term changes in stratospheric O3. The model was run from 1977–2004 and forced by ECMWF ERA-40 and operational analyses. Model runs were performed to examine the impact of increasing halogens and additional stratospheric bromine from short-lived source gases. The analyses capture much of the observed interannual variability in column ozone, but there are also unrealistic features. In particular the ERA-40 analyses cause a large positive anomaly in northern hemisphere (NH) column O3 in the late 1980s. Also, the change from ERA-40 to operational winds at the start of 2002 introduces abrupt changes in some model fields (e.g. temperature, ozone) which affect analysis of trends. The model reproduces the observed column increase in NH mid-latitudes from the mid 1990s. Analysis of a run with fixed halogens shows that this increase is not due to a significant decrease in halogen-induced loss, i.e. is not an indication of recovery. The model predicts only a small decrease in halogen-induced loss after 1999. In the upper stratosphere, despite the modelled turnover of chlorine around 1999, O3 does not increase because of the effects of increasing ECMWF temperatures, decreasing modelled CH4 at this altitude, and abrupt changes in the SH temperatures at the end of the ERA-40 period. The impact of an additional 5 pptv stratospheric bromine from short-lived species decreases mid-latitude column O3 by about 10 DU. However, the impact on the modelled relative O3 anomaly is generally small except during periods of large volcanic loading.

scholarly journals The impact of differences in large-scale circulation output from climate models on the regional modeling of ozone and PM

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 9441-9458 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. M. Manders ◽  
E. van Meijgaard ◽  
A. C. Mues ◽  
R. Kranenburg ◽  
L. H. van Ulft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Climate change may have an impact on air quality (ozone, particulate matter) due to the strong dependency of air quality on meteorology. The effect is often studied using a global climate model (GCM) to produce meteorological fields that are subsequently used by chemical transport models. However, climate models themselves are subject to large uncertainties and fail to reproduce the present-day climate adequately. The present study illustrates the impact of these uncertainties on air quality. To this end, output from the SRES-A1B constraint transient runs with two GCMs, i.e. ECHAM5 and MIROC-hires, has been dynamically downscaled with the regional climate model RACMO2 and used to force a constant emission run with the chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS in a one-way coupled run covering the period 1970–2060. Results from the two climate simulations have been compared with a RACMO2-LOTOS-EUROS (RLE) simulation forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the period 1989–2009. Both RLE_ECHAM and RLE_MIROC showed considerable deviations from RLE_ERA for daily maximum temperature, precipitation and wind speed. Moreover, sign and magnitude of these deviations depended on the region. The differences in average present-day concentrations between the simulations were equal to (RLE_MIROC) or even larger than (RLE_ECHAM) the differences in concentrations between present-day and future climate (2041–2060). The climate simulations agreed on a future increase in average summer ozone daily maximum concentrations of 5–10 μg m−3 in parts of Southern Europe and a smaller increase in Western and Central Europe. Annual average PM10 concentrations increased 0.5–1.0 μg m−3 in North-West Europe and the Po Valley, but these numbers are rather uncertain: overall, changes for PM10 were small, both positive and negative changes were found, and for many locations the two climate runs did not agree on the sign of the change. This illustrates that results from individual climate runs can at best indicate tendencies and should therefore be interpreted with great care.

scholarly journals The impact of differences in large-scale circulation output from climate models on the regional modeling of ozone and PM

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 12245-12285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. M. Manders ◽  
E. van Meijgaard ◽  
A. C. Mues ◽  
R. Kranenburg ◽  
L. H. van Ulft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Climate change may have an impact on air quality (ozone, particulate matter) due to the strong dependency of air quality on meteorology. The effect is often studied using a global climate model (GCM) to produce meteorological fields that are subsequently used by chemical transport models. However, climate models themselves are subject to large uncertainties and fail to adequately reproduce the present-day climate. The present study illustrates the impact of this uncertainty on air quality. To this end, output from the SRES-A1B constraint transient runs with two GCMs, i.e. ECHAM5 and MIROC-hires, has been dynamically downscaled with the regional climate model RACMO2 and used to force a constant emission run with the chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS in a one-way coupled run covering the period 1970–2060. Results from the two climate simulations have been compared with a RACMO2-LOTOS-EUROS (RLE) simulation forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the period 1989–2009. Both RLE_ECHAM and RLE_MIROC showed considerable deviations from RLE_ERA in daily maximum temperature, precipitation and wind speed. Moreover, sign and magnitude of these deviations depended on the region. Differences in average concentrations for the present-day simulations were found of equal to (RLE_MIROC) or even larger than (RLE_ECHAM) the differences in concentration between present-day and future climate (2041–2060). The climate simulations agreed on a future increase in average summer ozone daily maximum concentrations (5–10 μg m−3) in parts of Southern Europe and a smaller increase in Western and Central Europe. Annual average PM10 concentrations increased (0.5–1.0 μg m−3) in North-West Europe and the Po Valley, but these numbers are rather uncertain. Overall, changes for PM10 were small, both positive and negative changes were found, and for many locations the two runs did not agree on the sign of the change. The approach taken here illustrates that results from individual climate runs can at best indicate tendencies and should therefore be interpreted with great care.

scholarly journals Irrigation Management Affects Soil Solution NO3-N Concentration

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 755E-755
Author(s):  
Denise Neilsen ◽  
Gerry H. Neilsen ◽  
Peter Parchomchuk ◽  
Eugene J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Direct application of fertilizers in irrigation water (fertigation) has been advocated as an efficient method of fertilizing fruit trees. However, more information is needed on the relationship between irrigation and N inputs in order to target fertigation to meet plant demands. Soil solution NO3-N concentration was measured at three sites in response to the method of fertilizer application in which 25 g N/tree per year was either spring-broadcast with sprinkler irrigation or fertigated at 8 weekly intervals through drip irrigation; the amount of irrigation water in which 50 g N/tree per year was given in 63 daily fertigations with either 4 or 8 liters of water/day for two soil types and the concentration of fertigated N in which either 75 or 150 ppm NO3-N was given in 63 daily fertigations. Soil solution NO3-N concentration decreased rapidly for broadcast fertilizer with sprinkler irrigation and was lower than for weekly fertigation with drip irrigation. Doubling the amount of irrigation water effectively halved the soil solution NO3-N concentration in both the silt loam and loamy sand soils, although concentrations were higher in the silt loam soil. Movement of applied N below the root zone was halted for the silt loam soil by mid-summer with the lower amount of irrigation water, but was only delayed in the loamy sand soil. Doubling the average concentration of N in the irrigation water resulted in a doubling of the concentration of NO3-N in the root zone. A simple model was devised to predict the soil solution NO3-N concentration based on N and water inputs and fitted to measured values for daily and weekly fertigation.

Field and numerical study of solute transport under evaporation in a subtropical tidal wetland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Chenming Zhang ◽  
Xiaocheng Liu ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Alexander Scheuermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Tidal Wetland ◽  
Wetland Ecology ◽  
Salt Distribution ◽  
The Impact

<p>Tidal wetlands are critical intertidal ecosystem which accommodates a large range of flora and fauna species. The intertidal subsurface environment is subjected to continuous groundwater-seawater mixing which results in dynamic solute transport in the aquifer and to the ocean. Salt distribution and transport play a vital role in the wetland ecology and near-shore biogeochemical activities. While many field and simulation studies have been presented to characterize the salt distribution in the intertidal beach aquifer under the influence of tidal inundation, salt distribution in the tidal wetland subsurface system yet requires more investigation. Moreover, the impact of evaporation on porewater salt distribution could be essential in subtropical areas with numerous coastal wetlands as evaporation extracts porewater from the soil surface and leaves salt in the surface and wetland root zone. However, this parameter was commonly ignored by previous studies.</p><p>In this study, field monitoring was carried out to map the groundwater level and spatial salt distribution in a subtropical wetland located in Southeastern Queensland, Australia. Two dimensional, variable-density, saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow and solute transport model was used to examine the pore water flow and salt distribution patterns in a cross-shore section of the field site under the influences of the spring-neap tide and evaporation. Field and simulation results consistently showed that salinity is greatly impacted by evaporation and showed different distributions from the saline seawater intrusion patterns displayed by most of the former studies. </p>

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