Water–energy–carbon nexus: a case study of Bangkok

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangam Shrestha ◽  
Kshitij Parajuli ◽  
Mukand S. Babel ◽  
Shobhakar Dhakal ◽  
Victor Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management

An understanding of the nexus between water and energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for sustainable water resources management. While a number of such studies on understanding this nexus have been carried out in the recent past, there have been virtually no studies that have done so for Asian cities. This study aims to plug this gap by analyzing the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus for Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand. Using mostly secondary data, and through interactions with concerned stakeholders, the study revealed that more than 335 GWh of energy is used per year for water supply (0.22 kWh of energy to drive 1 m3 of water from source to tap). About 276 million litres of water is consumed for total power production in Thailand; almost 16% of water supplied annually by the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA). Of this, 0.625 million litres is consumed by electricity, utilised for water supply in Bangkok. In addition 82.2 billion kgCO2-eq is emitted by the power sector annually and energy associated with water emits 187 million kgCO2-eq/year, equal to 0.11 kgCO2-eq of GHG emission from each 1 m3 of water supplied by the MWA. This study provides information on the WEC nexus in cities as evidenced by Bangkok, which can contribute to the formulation of a policy in water and energy sectors to fulfil the objective of reducing GHG emissions.

scholarly journals SLUM DISTRIBUTION: CASE STUDY OF DEHRADUN CITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Doreshor Khwairakpam ◽  
Kapil Balmiki ◽  
Eti Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Slum Population ◽  
Administrative Boundary

Slum is one of the characters in our urban system. They are more vulnerable section of our society in all kinds of disaster - flood, heat wave, etc. The slum population is already crossed 65.5 million (22.5 percent) that distributed in 2613 towns/cities in India as per census, 2011. In this context, slum distribution scenario has been conducted in Dehradun city, India. It is the capital city of Uttarakhand state located in the foothill of Himalaya with a population of approximately 578420 (census 2011). The aim of this study for slum distribution in wards wise within Dehradun city to draw a lesson to understand the scenario of services facilities in the selected wards – ward number 14, 20, 35 and 36. The objectives are – (1). to study the slum distribution in Dehradun city through mapping, (2) to study the slum households shared in ward wise in the administrative boundary of Dehradun city and, (3) to study the comparative scenario of services sectors such as water supply, drainage, and solid waste management. The methodology has adopted based on the secondary data available to public domain and field investigation and observation.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: an Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Shin ◽  
Cory Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Beer Industry ◽  
Bottle Production

A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have struggled to meet these commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 emissions under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The study also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.

scholarly journals Communist heritage representation gaps and disputes

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Sima
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Recent Trends

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and explore how different stakeholders represent communist and revolution heritage for tourism, with a case-study on Bucharest, the capital city of Romania. The research attempts to identify gaps and tensions between representation makers on communist heritage tourism. Design/methodology/approach The research employs a range of qualitative methods in order to explore communist heritage tourism representation from different perspectives: content analysis of secondary data in the form of government, industry and media destination promotional material; interviews with a range of representation producers (government, industry and media); focus groups with potential tourists; and content analysis of user generated content under the form of blogs by actual visitors to Bucharest. Findings Findings reveal that there are gaps between the “official” or government representations of communism and revolution heritage and “unofficial” or industry, media and tourists’ representations. The research confirms and builds on Light’s (2000a, b) views that communist heritage is perceived as “problematic” by government officials and that attempts have been made to reinterpret it in a different light. The process of representation is made difficult by recent trends such as the increase in popularity of communism heritage tourism in countries such as Germany or Hungary. The potential of communist and revolution heritage to generate tourism is increasingly being acknowledged. However, reconciliation with “an unwanted” past is made difficult because of the legacy of communism and the difficulties of transition, EU-integration, economic crisis or countless political and social crisis and challenges. The “official” and “unofficial” representations successfully coexist and form part of the communism and revolution heritage product. Research limitations/implications The research attempts to look at the representation of communism heritage from different angles, however, it does not exhaust the number of views and perspectives that exist on the topic. The research only records the British and Romanian perspectives on the topic. The topic is still in its infancy and more research is needed on communism heritage tourism and representation. Originality/value The research identifies and explores gaps, agreements and disagreements over the representation of communist and revolution heritage in Bucharest, Romania.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Energy Consumption, GHG Emission, and Cost of Seawater Desalination in China

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexiu Jia ◽  
Jiří Klemeš ◽  
Petar Varbanov ◽  
Sharifah Wan Alwi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Heat Integration ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Product Cost

Seawater desalination is considered a technique with high water supply potential and has become an emerging alternative for freshwater supply in China. The increase of the capacity also increases energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, which has not been well investigated in studies. This study has analyzed the current development of seawater desalination in China, including the capacity, distribution, processes, as well as the desalted water use. Energy consumption and GHG emissions of overall desalination in China, as well as for the provinces, are calculated covering the period of 2006–2016. The unit product cost of seawater desalination plants specifying processes is also estimated. The results showed that 1) The installed capacity maintained increased from 2006 to 2016, and reverse osmosis is the major process used for seawater desalination in China. 2) The energy consumption increased from 81 MWh/y to 1,561 MWh/y during the 11 years. The overall GHG emission increase from 85 Mt CO2eq/y to 1,628 Mt CO2eq/y. Tianjin had the largest GHG emissions, following are Hebei and Shandong, with emissions of 4.1 Mt CO2eq/y, 2.2 Mt CO2eq/y. and 1.0 Mt CO2eq/y. 3) The unit product cost of seawater desalination is higher than other water supply alternatives, and it differentiates the desalination processes. The average unit product cost of the reverse osmosis process is 0.96 USD and 2.5 USD for the multiple-effect distillation process. The potential for future works should specify different energy forms, e.g. heat and power. Alternatives of process integration should be investigated—e.g. efficiency of using the energy, heat integration, and renewables in water desalination, as well as the utilization of total site heat integration.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: An Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Shin ◽  
Cory Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
External Sources

A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have not made such commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 GHGs under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study used case company primary data, and secondary data such as emission factors from external sources. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The semi-structured interviews, which used prepared interview questions and probes to encourage follow-up answers, also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.

scholarly journals HALF EXPONENTIAL POWER MODEL FOR THE FIRST TIME FAILURE OF POWER DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS IN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326
Author(s):  
Akinlolu Olosunde ◽  
Rowland Benjamin Ekpo
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Shape Parameter ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Power Model ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Exponential Power ◽  
First Time ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Transformer failure is a major problem confronting the Nigerian power sector, hindering the transmission and distribution of electric power to various households, institutions, and industries. Many of these transformer developed problem due to the old age of the transformers, overloading, in-availability of technical expertise, poor maintenance culture, manufacturer's faults, just to mention few. The present research focuses on providing half exponential power model for the failure of already installed transformers, with respect to years of installation up to the time of the first failure, using secondary data from the south western part of Nigeria as a case study. The results obtained showed that half exponential power performed better in modeling the first time failure of power transformers. This was possible because of the present of shape parameter which gives flexibility to half exponential power when compared with a half normal distribution.

Small-scale farming of tilapia in ponds in Central Luzon, Philippines.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Rural Aquaculture ◽  
Aquaculture Development

Abstract This case study was prepared as part of an Asian Development Bank (ADB) Special Evaluation Study (SES) on Small-Scale Freshwater Rural Aquaculture Development. In the context of the SES, this case study used primary and secondary data and published information to document the human, social, natural, physical and financial capital available to households involved in the production and consumption of freshwater farmed fish and to identify channels through which the poor are affected. This case study describes first the history, biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional characteristics of Central Luzon, followed by accounts of the technology and management for farming tilapia, with detailed profiles of fish farmers and other beneficiaries. Transforming processes are discussed with respect to markets, institutions, support services, policy and legal instruments, natural resources management, and environmental issues.

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