Brackish water treatment for reuse using vacuum membrane distillation process

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muttucumaru Sivakumar ◽  
Mohammad Ramezanianpour ◽  
Glen O'Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Thermally Driven ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Membrane Treatment

The availability of fresh water is vital for all human activities and in particular for improving living conditions, health and overall well-being. Pressure on scarce fresh water resources can be reduced by treating and reusing brackish water by advanced membrane treatment technologies. In this study, brackish water originating from effluent discharge of a local coal mine, seawater, groundwater and salt water swimming pool is treated by a laboratory-scale vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) system. VMD is an emerging technology that has the potential to become as important as conventional distillation system and aims to remove particles and dissolved impurities by evaporation and condensation techniques that mimic what occurs in nature. This study validates the mathematical modeling of the transport mechanisms used in the VMD process using data collected for different experimental situations. The response of flux rate to various process operating parameters, including pressure, temperature, flow rate and salinity concentration, is also demonstrated. This thermally driven separation process enables to remove 99.9% of total dissolved solids (TDS) from brackish water. The quality of the permeate water from all four water sources studied is of acceptable standards for potable use; however, it requires mineralization efforts before direct consumption.

Solar thermal driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koschikowski ◽  
M. Wieghaus ◽  
M. Rommel
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Output ◽  
Thermally Driven ◽  
Technical Simplicity ◽  
Desalination Plants

In arid and semi-arid regions the lack of drinkable water often corresponds with a high solar insolation. These conditions are favourable for the use of solar energy as the driving force for water treatment systems. Especially in remote rural areas with low infrastructure and without connection to a grid, smallscale, stand-alone operating systems for the desalination of brackish water from wells or salt water from the sea are desirable to provide settlements with clean potable water. Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme is currently developing a solar thermally driven stand alone desalination system. The aim is to develop systems for a capacity range of 0.2 to 10 m3/day. Technical simplicity, long maintenance-free operation periods and high quality potable water output are very important aims for successful applications of the systems. The separation technique that the system is based on is membrane distillation. The implemented heat source is a corrosion-free, sea water resistant thermal collector.

scholarly journals THE DYNAMICS OF ORIMULSION IN WATER WITH VARYING ENERGY, SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 1069-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merv Fingas ◽  
Ben Fieldhouse ◽  
Zhendi Wang ◽  
Mike Landriault
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
New Information ◽  
Rotational Field ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

ABSTRACT Orimulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion of Venezuelan bitumen. Orimulsion was found to behave predictably in salt (33°/oo NaCl) and fresh water, driven by buoyancy to rise in salt water and sink in fresh water; but behaviour in brackish water (20°/oo NaCl) was difficult to predict. Temperature has also been indicated as having an influence on Orimulsion behaviour. The current study extended experimentation down to lower temperatures, and a variety of mixing energies. This study resulted in new information on the behaviour of Orimulsion spills in salt, fresh, and brackish water with salinity values of 20 and 33 degrees at temperatures of 5 and 15 degrees Celsius. Energy was varied by adjusting the applied rotational field and measurement with thermal probes. Depletion rates and characteristics were determined by adding Orimulsion to a 300-L tank of water, taking a time series of samples, and determining the concentration of bitumen and the particle size distribution. Changes in bitumen concentration and particle size distribution as a function of time were also measured. Using these data, simple equations were developed to describe and predict the concentration of bitumen in the water column as a function of time. Similarly nomograms showing the amount of oil on the bottom and on the water surface are presented.

Thiaminase from Fresh-Water, Brackish-Water and Salt-Water Fish

Nature ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 173 (4402) ◽  
pp. 489-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. DEOLALKAR ◽  
KAMALA SOHONIE
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Fish

scholarly journals Energy evaluation and treatment efficiency of vacuum membrane distillation for brackish water desalination

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ramezanianpour ◽  
Muttucumaru Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation

Strict environmental regulations have led to the rapid development of membrane separation technologies for the production of potable water, for industrial water supply, and for the reuse and discharge of treated wastewater. Promotion of water recycling and the provision of potable water from brackish water prevent significant negative effects on the environment and drinking water supplies. This study is intended to describe and compare a sustainable technology for brackish water treatment. Among the four configurations of the membrane distillation process, vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) produces higher flux and results in a low fouling rate. It comprises evaporation and condensation that mimics what occurs in nature. Mathematical models proposed for the VMD transport mechanisms are incorporated to predict the actual experimental flux. The response of the flux rate to various process operating parameters is demonstrated. Variation of effective parameters is investigated in terms of energy consumption. The data indicate that the permeate flux is highly responsive to the variation of pressure and temperature. VMD enables the removal of 99.9% of total dissolved solids from natural and contaminated water sources. The findings are that the quality of the permeate water from all sources was at acceptable standards for potable use.

Brackish Water Desalination by Air-Sweep Vacuum Membrane Distillation

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2084-2086
Author(s):  
Guo Fu Sun ◽  
Jing Li Xu ◽  
Chun Hua Sui ◽  
Hong Yan Si
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Operating Parameter ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation ◽  
Condensed Water

An air sweep vacuum membrane distillation process was used to treat brackish water desalination. The only operating parameter of the apparatus is the sweeping air flow rate. The effect of sweeping air flow rate on desalination was observed. The produced/condensed water rate was about 2.5 g/h for the PP module. The conductivity of produced water was about 92 μs·cm-1, the salt rejection was above 95%.

scholarly journals Seawater desalination with solar-energy-integrated vacuum membrane distillation system

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Shixuan Wang ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Dongsheng Xia ◽  
Jianshe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Membrane Module ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation

This study designed and tested a novel type of solar-energy-integrated vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) system for seawater desalination under actual environmental conditions in Wuhan, China. The system consists of eight parts: a seawater tank, solar collector, solar cooker, inclined VMD evaporator, circulating water vacuum pump, heat exchanger, fresh water tank, and brine tank. Natural seawater was used as feed and a hydrophobic hollow-fiber membrane module was used to improve seawater desalination. The experiment was conducted during a typical summer day. Results showed that when the highest ambient temperature was 33 °C, the maximum value of the average solar intensity was 1,080 W/m2. The system was able to generate 36 kg (per m2 membrane module) distilled fresh water during 1 day (7:00 am until 6:00 pm), the retention rate was between 99.67 and 99.987%, and electrical conductivity was between 0.00276 and 0.0673 mS/cm. The average salt rejection was over 90%. The proposed VMD system shows favorable potential application in desalination of brackish waters or high-salt wastewater treatment, as well.

Investigational Studies on Quantity of Salinity in Netravati River Estuary Sand-Coastal Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Raveesha P ◽  
K. E. Prakash ◽  
B. T. Suresh Babu
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Sand Sample ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Natural Aggregates

The salt water mixes with fresh water and forms brackish water. The brackish water contains some quantity of salt, but not equal to sea water. Salinity determines the geographic distribution of the number of marshes found in estuary. Hence salinity is a very important environmental factor in estuary system. Sand is one major natural aggregate, required in construction industry mainly for the manufacture of concrete. The availability of good river sand is reduced due to salinity. The quality of sand available from estuarine regions is adversely affected due to this reason. It is the responsibility of engineers to check the quality of sand and its strength parameters before using it for any construction purpose. Presence of salt content in natural aggregates or manufactured aggregates is the cause for corrosion in steel. In this study the amount of salinity present in estuary sand was determined. Three different methods were used to determine the salinity in different seasonal variations. The sand sample collected nearer to the sea was found to be high in salinity in all methods.  It can be concluded that care should be taken before we use estuary sand as a construction material due to the presence of salinity.

Effect of different treatments on the seed bank of grazed and ungrazed Baltic seashore meadows

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli M. Jutila b. Erkkilä
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
The West ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Juncus Gerardii

Seed banks of two seashore meadows were studied on the west coast of Finland (latitude 61°30'-61°33'N, longitude 21°28'-21°41'E). Samples were taken in June to a depth of 10 cm in the geolittoral zone of the grazed and ungrazed transects. The grazed samples were halved lengthwise: one half was grown immediately, the other after cold treatment. One third of the all samples was treated as controls, one third was watered with brackish water, and one third was given a pesticide treatment. Altogether, 13 926 seedlings germinated and 25 species were identified (three annuals, two biennials, and the rest perennials). Most seedlings were perennial monocots, with Juncus gerardii Loisel. the most abundant species. The seed bank was significantly larger and richer in the ungrazed site than in the grazed site. Cold treatment reduced the number of germinating species and seedlings. In the grazed and non-cold-treated samples, the numbers of species and seedlings were highest in the pesticide treatment. In ungrazed samples there were no significant differences among treatments. After the cold treatment, the least number of species and seedlings was produced by the salt-water treatment. Changing brackish water to tap water led to a burst of germination, especially of J. gerardii. The seed bank of the upper geolittoral zone was richer than that of the middle geolittoral. The multivariate classification and ordination groupings are based on the abundances of J. gerardii and Glaux maritima L.; different treatments were not distinguishable. There was a low resemblance between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation.Key words: seed bank, salinity, pesticide, seashore meadow, cold treatment, vegetation.

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