Wastewater management techniques from ancient civilizations to modern ages: examples from South Asia

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Fardin ◽  
A. Hollé ◽  
E. Gautier ◽  
J. Haury
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South India ◽  
Early History ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Urban Zone ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Ancient Civilizations

Wastewater management appeared about 3000 BC in South Asia, and spread on the whole subcontinent with the development of urbanization during its early history. Domestic grey water and black water were canalized through street-side drains, and cesspits was implemented at house outlet level, or at drain crossing, in order to avoid the clogging of the system. Nothing seems to be known about the ultimate place where the drains canalized wastewater. In South India, wastewater was managed previously to the 1st century AD, at the very same period as the presence of Mediterranean population on the subcontinent. But, we cannot confirm a Mediterranean influence on wastewater management, because of the previous development of several techniques in the region. In today rural Puducherry area, traditional techniques are used to manage wastewater, quite similar to the method used to treat wastewater of Puducherry urban zone.

SISTEM PENGELOLAAN AIR LIMBAH KOMUNAL BERDASARKAN POLA PERMUKIMAN KOTA PONTIANAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabuansyah
Keyword(s):  
Grey Water ◽  
Black Water

Sanitasi merupakan salah satu faktor bagian yang terpenting dalam kehidupan dan juga merupakan suatu kebutuhan dasar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari bagi manusia. Aturan-aturan yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah tidak pernah diperhatikan lagi sehingga kualitas lingkungan tidak terjaga dan menyebabkan lingkungan kita tercemar dengan limbah. Air limbah dapat berasal dari rumah tangga (domestik) yaitu buangan kakus (black water) berpotensi mengandung mikroba pathogen dan air bekas cucian dapur, mesin cuci dan kamar mandi (grey water). Melihat kondisi tesebut, limbah rumah tangga sampai saat ini dibuang langsung ke saluran-saluran drainase yang ada melalui parit-parit dan sungai. Buangan air limbah tersebut di tampung melalui bak Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah (IPAL) yang bersifat komunal, off site sanitation atau individual dan selanjutnya lumpur tinja dari bak IPAL tersebut di olah ke Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT) dengan menggunakan mobil tinja atau motor tinja. Dengan melihat cakupan layanan IPLT yang baru mencapai 5,2%, dapat diduga bahwa 39,06% pengolahan air limbah sistem setempat masih belum efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yaitu prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan keadaan subjek atau objek dalam penelitian pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau apa adanya. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada kondisi dilapangan melalui wawancara dan obesrvasi sampai dengan pengolahan. Prakiraan timbulan limbah cair pada 20 tahun kemudian diproyeksikan timbulan/buangan air limbah di Kota Pontianak akan mencapai 79.515 M3/hari dengan debit air limbah mencapai 920 liter/detik, maka diproyeksikan kebutuhan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Komunal ini di Kota Pontianak mencapai 269 unit dengan layanan kepada sekitar 138.793 penduduk. Sistem penyaluran air limbah cair rumah tangga tersebut ke penampungan dan seterusnya diolah di IPLT yang telah tersedia. Dalam penanganan lumpur tinja di Kota Pontianak dilakukan pengangkutan/penyedotan lumpur tinja, pengolahan lumpur tinja dan penanganan lumpur keringKata-kata kunci: sanitasi, proyeksi, limbah rumah tangga, instalasi pengolahan air limbah komunal, instalasi pengolahan lumpur tinja

“Rhythm,” “Beat,” and “Freedom” in South Asian Musical Traditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 314-336
Author(s):  
Richard K. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
South India ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Asian Music ◽  
North And South

This chapter argues that a family of common rhythmic conceptions underlies many of the musical traditions of South Asia despite sometimes dramatic regional differences in language, culture, and religion. Two contrasting kinds of rhythmic representation are examined: one that objectifies through names and numbers, and one that points toward freedom and resists numeration. Evidence for the first is drawn from the analysis of ritual drumming in India and Pakistan as well as concepts and structures in the art music traditions of North and South India. The second concerns both drumming and the elastic rhythm of rāga ālāpana. Examination of a range of data turns many common conceptions of rhythm, beat, and freedom in South Asian music on their heads.

Perception of House Onsite Grey Water Treatment and Reuse in Palestinian Rural Areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal Mahmoud ◽  
Ziad Mimi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Onsite Treatment

House onsite treatment of grey water and reuse of treated effluent for irrigating crops are increasingly accepted and practiced in Palestinian rural developments as more than 600 units are operational. The main goal of this research was to assess the impact of those systems on the environment, health, and the Palestinian society and economy through field survey in Qebia village where 47 house onsite sanitation systems were recently implemented. The results revealed that the biggest incentive for applying this system is the reuse of treated grey water for irrigation purposes, which is socially accepted. The application of those systems is currently limited and tied to the availability of external funds. The main concerns people have over the constructing of those house onsite systems are health risks, flooding, and odour emission. Accordingly, the concept of house onsite wastewater management systems is very promising, but provision of proper technical solutions is very important.

FROM LAW TO DHARMA: STATE LAW AND SACRED DUTY IN ANCIENT INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark McClish
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Early History ◽  
State Courts ◽  
State Law ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Origins ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe legal treatises of ancient India, called Dharmaśāstras, are often read as records of the initial emergence of law from religion in South Asia. The Dharmaśāstras teach the dharma, or “sacred duty,” of different members of society. It is one of the dharmas of the king to adjudicate disputes that come before his courts, and it is widely accepted that a need to articulate the king's dharma led the composers of the Dharmaśāstras over time to fashion rules for state courts, a body of law called vyavahāra. Scholars such as Henry Sumner Maine and Max Weber saw in the Dharmaśāstras evidence of the disentanglement and rationalization of law, respectively. A close examination of our sources, however, shows that the law of royal courts emerged not within the Dharmaśāstra tradition, but within an adjacent and decidedly more secular tradition of statecraft. It was gradually absorbed into Dharmaśāstra texts, where it was reconfigured as sacred duty and its historical origins were obscured. This article argues that the early history of state law in India is best described, therefore, not as a transition from dharma to law, but as a transition from law to dharma.

Wastewater treatment in tsunami affected areas of Thailand by constructed wetlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brix ◽  
T. Koottatep ◽  
C.H. Laugesen
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Wetland System

The tsunami of December 2004 destroyed infrastructure in many coastal areas in South-East Asia. In January 2005, the Danish Government gave a tsunami relief grant to Thailand to re-establish the wastewater management services in some of the areas affected by the tsunami. This paper describes the systems which have been built at three locations: (a) Baan Pru Teau: A newly-built township for tsunami victims which was constructed with the contribution of the Thai Red Cross. Conventional septic tanks were installed for the treatment of blackwater from each household and its effluent and grey water (40 m3/day) are collected and treated at a 220 m2 subsurface flow constructed wetland. (b) Koh Phi Phi Don island: A wastewater collection system for the main business and hotel area of the island, a pumping station and a pressure pipe to the treatment facility, a multi-stage constructed wetland system and a system for reuse of treated wastewater. The constructed wetland system (capacity 400 m3/day) consists of vertical flow, horizontal subsurface flow, free water surface flow and pond units. Because the treatment plant is surrounded by resorts, restaurants and shops, the constructed wetland systems are designed with terrains as scenic landscaping. (c) Patong: A 5,000 m2 constructed wetland system has been established to treat polluted water from drainage canals which collect overflow from septic tanks and grey water from residential areas. It is envisaged that these three systems will serve as prototype demonstration systems for appropriate wastewater management in Thailand and other tropical countries.

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