Difference in behaviors of F-specific DNA and RNA bacteriophages during coagulation–rapid sand filtration and coagulation–microfiltration processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 666-673
Author(s):  
N. Shirasaki ◽  
T. Matsushita ◽  
Y. Matsui ◽  
T. Urasaki ◽  
K. Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
River Water ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Particle Characteristics ◽  
Coagulation And Filtration ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

Difference in behaviors of F-specific DNA and RNA bacteriophages during coagulation–rapid sand filtration and coagulation–microfiltration (MF) processes were investigated by using river water spiked with F-specific DNA bacteriophage f1 and RNA bacteriophage f2. Because the particle characteristics of f1 (filamentous) and f2 (spherical) are quite different and the surface charge of f1 in the river water was slightly more negative than that of f2, the removal ratios of f1 were approximately 1-log lower than the removal ratio of f2 after any treatment process used in the present study. This result indicates that the behaviors of the two bacteriophages during the treatment processes were different, and that the removal of f1 by the combination of coagulation and filtration processes was more difficult than that of f2. The removal ratios for f1 and f2 were approximately 3-log and 4-log, respectively, in the coagulation–rapid sand filtration process, and 6-log and 7-log, respectively, in the coagulation–MF filtration process. Therefore, as expected, the coagulation–MF process appears to be more effective than the coagulation–rapid sand filtration process for the removal of not only spherical viruses but also filamentous viruses.

scholarly journals Estimation of norovirus removal performance in a coagulation–rapid sand filtration process by using recombinant norovirus VLPs

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1307-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Shirasaki ◽  
T. Matsushita ◽  
Y. Matsui ◽  
A. Oshiba ◽  
K. Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

Research on Yellow River Water Purification Using the Combined Process Containing Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed Ozone-Activated Carbon-Sand Filtration Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 995-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Guang Liu ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Meng Meng Feng ◽  
Li Chao Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Combined Process

By changing the hydrogen peroxide and ozone dosage,the best dosage of hydrogen peroxide to catalyzed ozone- activated carbon-sand filtration process in purify Yellow River Water was found. When the same amount of hydrogen peroxide is filled into the three-level Ozone oxidation column, the combined process’s effect is best.The removal rates of TOC,UV254,CODMn,Turbidity are 27.72%,58.66%,43.30% and 84.90%,the organic content is reduced in a large extent and the finished water quality is improved.

scholarly journals Changes in the Specific Charge Amount on the Surface of Cotton Fibres during the Alkali Pre-treatment Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4(136)) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Prus ◽  
Piotr Kulpinski ◽  
Edyta Matyjas-Zgondek
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Free Energy Surface ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Cotton Fibres ◽  
Pre Treatment

The aim of the pre-treatment process is to prepare cotton fabrics for subsequent technological operations, which are, in the majority, carried out in aqueous solutions. The pre-treatment processes modify, to some extent, the properties of cotton, resulting in a significant change in their zeta potential, the amount of specific surface charge or free energy surface. This study makes an assessment of the effect of the alkali pre-treatment process on changes in the amount of negative specific charges on cotton knitted surfaces, known as cationic demand. A “back-titration” method with the use of a Muetek PCD device was adopted for these experiments. It was found that the conventional process of alkali treatment of raw cotton knitted fabrics using sodium hydroxide in the presence of non-ionic surfactant reduced by nearly 50% the amount of negative specific surface charge. Also, changes in weight loss and improvements in the whiteness index, as well as the wettability of alkali pre-treated cotton knitwear, were observed.

scholarly journals Integrated Performance of Fenton Process and Filtration (Activated Charcoal and Sand) for Textile Wastewater Treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Md. Sabbir Hossain ◽  
Protima Sarker ◽  
Md. Shiblur Rahaman ◽  
Md. Khabir Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Filtration Process

Textile effluents contain complex characteristics with different physicochemical parameters and colorful dye. It is difficult to remove all types of pollutant using a specific treatment process. In this study adsorption filtration alone then Fenton process with sand-gravel mixed filtration and activated charcoal filtration was applied. Fenton process is very effective process for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Dissolve Organic Carbon (DOC) removal. And Activated carbon is a suitable adsorbent for dye removal. Physicochemical parameters like, COD, DOC, Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Electric conductivity (EC), and pH was measured before and after the treatment process. After filtration by adsorbent filter all the parameter reduced than raw effluent but when Fenton process with sand filtration and activated charcoal filtration was applied all the parameter drastically changed than before. DO level was increased after only adsorption filtration process, Fenton and normal sand filtration process, Fenton, and adsorbent filtration process as 1.8 mg/l< 5 mg/l < 6.19 mg/l < 6 mg/l, respectively. Maximum level of EC (61.33%), TDS (82.75%), BOD (92%), COD (80%), DOC (97.57%), and color (78.57%) was decrease after using Fenton process with Activated carbon filtration process than other treatment process, which was within Bangladesh standard value. This result represents the advantage of using Fenton process with adsorption filtration to treat textile effluent. Moreover, this process is easily operating, practical and environment friendly for using in industrial scale.

Treatment Methods for the Removal of Off-Flavours from Heavily Polluted River Water in the Netherlands – A Review

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hrubec ◽  
H A M de Kruijf
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
River Water ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Polluted River ◽  
The North ◽  
Carbon Filtration ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

In The Netherlands the raw water, obtained from the heavily polluted river Rhine, has off-flavours which must be removed by using sophisticated and expensive treatment methods to be acceptable for drinking. One method consists of storage of river water in open bankside reservoirs with residence time of a few months followed by physical-chemical treatment involving coagulation, ozonation, rapid sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and disinfection. Another method used consists of pretreatment of river water by means of coagulation and rapid sand filtration followed by underground storage in the dune areas along the North Sea coast by means of artificial recharge. The water after the recharge is treated by using aeration, dosing of powdered activated carbon, rapid sand filtration and slow sand filtration. The most effective treatment processes for improvement of taste and odour are ozonation and activated carbon filtration.

scholarly journals Reduction of naturally occurring enteroviruses by wastewater treatment processes

1984 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

SUMMARYThe levels of cytopathic enteroviruses at two wastewater-treatment works were monitored over a period of 9 months. The maximum level of virus at works 1 was 72500 p.f.u. l-1and at Avorks 2,57500 p.f.u. l-1. Examination of process efficiency showed an overall reduction of 63% for works 1 and 26 % for works 2 when used without lagooning. When lagooning was employed at the second works, virus reduction was 97%. Individual treatment processes showed poor reduction of virus levels. Sedimentation and rapid sand filtration had no significant effect on levels whilst both percolating filtration and activated sludge showed some reduction. Only lagooning resulted in substantial reductions of virus levels.

Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria on biological activated carbon in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant with different treatment processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3070-3077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuro Kasuga ◽  
Hirotaka Nakagaki ◽  
Futoshi Kurisu ◽  
Hiroaki Furumai
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Nitrification Potential ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

The effects of different placements of rapid sand filtration on nitrification performance of BAC treatment in a pilot-scale plant were evaluated. In this plant, rapid sand filtration was placed after ozonation-BAC treatment in Process (A), while it preceded ozonation-BAC treatment in Process (B). Analysis of amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) combined with nitrification potential test was conducted. BAC from Process (A) demonstrated slightly higher nitrification potential at every sampling occasion. This might be due to higher abundances of AOB on BAC from Process (A) than those on BAC from Process (B). However, AOA rather than AOB could be predominant ammonia-oxidizers in BAC treatment regardless of the position of rapid sand filtration. The highest nitrification potential was observed for BAC from both processes in February when the highest abundances of AOA-amoA and AOB-amoA genes were detected. Since rapid sand filtration was placed after BAC treatment in Process (A), residual aluminum concentration in BAC influent was higher in Process (A). However, adverse effects of aluminum on nitrification activity were not observed. These results suggest that factors other than aluminum concentration in different treatment processes could possibly have some influence on abundances of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms on BAC.

A simple design and operation for the anaerobic treatment of highly concentrated swine waste in the tropics

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Y. Yang ◽  
M. Kuroshima
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Total Solid Content ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Biological Reaction ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Small Producers

In order to develop a simple operation for an anaerobic treatment process for highly concentrated pig wastewater for small producers, a three-stage anaerobic treatment process was investigated. The system provided a series of mixing, homogenization, biological reaction and final stabilization of concentrated pig waste (total solid content of 8–10%). The process provided a stable operational performance, simple operational procedure and well stabilized sludge effluent. It was also found that the system is economically feasible in Hawaii. Compared to the other treatment processes for highly concentrated pig waste, this process is considered as an appropriate alternative for the application of the small producers in land limited and tropical conditions. Also, the present treatment system can be easily developed into a prefabricated package plant which can minimize the on-site labor and building costs.

EFFECT ON HARDNESS and MICRO STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF TOOL STEEL AFTER HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karanbir Singh ◽  
Aditya Chhabra ◽  
Vaibhav Kapoor ◽  
Vaibhav Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
En 31

This study is conducted to analyze the effect on the Hardness and Micro Structural Behaviour of three Sample Grades of Tool Steel i.e. EN-31, EN-8, and D3 after Heat Treatment Processes Such As Annealing, Normalizing, and Hardening and Tempering. The purpose of Selecting Tool Steel is Because Tool Steel is Mostly Used in the Manufacturing Industry.This study is based upon the empirical study which means it is derived from experiment and observation rather than theory.

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