Energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions from the use of alternative water sources in South East Queensland

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Poussade ◽  
F. Vince ◽  
C. Robillot
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Desalination Plant

Between 1999 and 2007, several successive years of severe drought put South East Queensland's water supply under immense pressure. The decision was taken in 2005 to build a seawater desalination plant and three water recycling advanced treatment plants as part of a large investment plan to secure the region's potable water supply. The infrastructure built and commissioned in the past 3 years has a combined capacity producing more than 350,000 m3 per day of very high quality water that can be used either directly (seawater desalination) or indirectly (recycled water) for supplying drinking water. All the plants primarily rely on reverse osmosis membranes for water purification which is an effective and reliable barrier to contaminants, but also requires high energy consumption and a high level of pre-treatment and chemicals. In this paper, the actual energy consumption of two of the plants (the seawater desalination plant and one water recycling plant) was investigated with the perspective of drinking water production over the July 2009–June 2010 period. Eolia™ Potable Water, a Life Cycle Analysis tool developed by Veolia Environnement Research & Innovation, was used to model the processes and estimate the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from both plants. As expected, the energy requirement of the desalination was higher (approximately 2.2 times) than the water recycling plant. The plants were found to be significantly more energy efficient when operated at higher flow. In both cases, the purchase of electrical energy represented by far the major contribution to GHG emissions. Indirect GHG emissions from chemical consumption could be reduced at the water recycling plant by optimising the dose of ferric chloride used at the plant and sourcing the chemical from a less distant supplier.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Energy Consumption, GHG Emission, and Cost of Seawater Desalination in China

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexiu Jia ◽  
Jiří Klemeš ◽  
Petar Varbanov ◽  
Sharifah Wan Alwi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Heat Integration ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Product Cost

Seawater desalination is considered a technique with high water supply potential and has become an emerging alternative for freshwater supply in China. The increase of the capacity also increases energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, which has not been well investigated in studies. This study has analyzed the current development of seawater desalination in China, including the capacity, distribution, processes, as well as the desalted water use. Energy consumption and GHG emissions of overall desalination in China, as well as for the provinces, are calculated covering the period of 2006–2016. The unit product cost of seawater desalination plants specifying processes is also estimated. The results showed that 1) The installed capacity maintained increased from 2006 to 2016, and reverse osmosis is the major process used for seawater desalination in China. 2) The energy consumption increased from 81 MWh/y to 1,561 MWh/y during the 11 years. The overall GHG emission increase from 85 Mt CO2eq/y to 1,628 Mt CO2eq/y. Tianjin had the largest GHG emissions, following are Hebei and Shandong, with emissions of 4.1 Mt CO2eq/y, 2.2 Mt CO2eq/y. and 1.0 Mt CO2eq/y. 3) The unit product cost of seawater desalination is higher than other water supply alternatives, and it differentiates the desalination processes. The average unit product cost of the reverse osmosis process is 0.96 USD and 2.5 USD for the multiple-effect distillation process. The potential for future works should specify different energy forms, e.g. heat and power. Alternatives of process integration should be investigated—e.g. efficiency of using the energy, heat integration, and renewables in water desalination, as well as the utilization of total site heat integration.

scholarly journals Environmental life cycle assessment for potable water production – a case study of seawater desalination and mine-water reclamation in South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4 October) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Goga ◽  
E Friedrich ◽  
CA Buckley
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Desalination Plant

Water is becoming a scarce resource in many parts of South Africa and, therefore, numerous plans are being put in place to satisfy the increased urban demand for this resource. Two of the methods currently considered are desalination of seawater and reuse of mine-affected water based on the use of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes.  Due to their high energy consumption and associated environmental impacts, these methods have been under scrutinity and, therefore, an LCA was undertaken for both methods. To allow comparison between the two, the functional unit of 1 kL of potable water was specified. Design data were collected for both the construction and operation phases of the plants while SimaPro was used as the LCA analysis software with the application of the ReCiPe Midpoint method.  The results indicate that the operation phase carried a greater environmental burden than the materials required for the infrastructure. In particular, electricity production and consumption is responsible for the majority of environmental impacts that stem from the respective plants. The total energy consumption of the proposed desalination plant is 3.69 kWh/kL and 2.16 kWh/kL for the mine-water reclamation plant. This results in 4.17 kg CO2 eq/kL being emitted for the desalination plant and 2.44 kg CO2 eq/kL for the mine-affected plant. A further analysis indicated that replacing South African electricity with photovoltaic (solar) and wind power has the potential to bring significant environmental benefits. The integration of these renewable energy systems with desalination and membrane treatment of mine-affected water has been proven to reduce environmental burdens to levels associated with conventional water technologies powered by the current electricity mix.  

scholarly journals Environmental Performance of Small-Scale Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant for Rural Area Water Supply

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Latifah Abdul Ghani ◽  
Nora’aini Ali ◽  
Ilyanni Syazira Nazaran ◽  
Marlia M. Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Desalination Technology ◽  
The Impact

Seawater desalination is an alternative technology to provide safe drinking water and to solve water issues in an area having low water quality and limited drinking water supply. Currently, reverse osmosis (RO) is commonly used in the desalination technology and experiencing significant growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the environmental impacts of the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant installed in Kampung Pantai Senok, Kelantan, as this plant was the first installed in Malaysia. The software SimaPro 8.5 together with the ReCiPe 2016 database were used as tools to evaluate the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the SWRO plant. The results showed that the impact of global warming (3.90 kg CO2 eq/year) was the highest, followed by terrestrial ecotoxicity (1.62 kg 1,4-DCB/year) and fossil resource scarcity (1.29 kg oil eq/year). The impact of global warming was caused by the natural gas used to generate the electricity, mainly during the RO process. Reducing the environmental impact can be effectively achieved by decreasing the electricity usage for the seawater desalination process. As a suggestion, electricity generation can be overcome by using a high-flux membrane with other suitable renewable energy for the plant such as solar and wind energy.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AND RISKS FOR THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE PRIMORYE TERRITORY

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel F. Kiku ◽  
L. V. Kislitsyna ◽  
V. D. Bogdanova ◽  
K. M. Sabirova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Individual

Ntroduction. The assessment of water quality and safety of centralized water supply systems in the Primorsky Krai was carried out in order to assess hygiene levels of public health risks associated with drinking water from the distribution network. Material and methods. The data of laboratory studies on sanitary and chemical parameters in drinking water of the distribution network of the Primorsky region were used. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was carried out according to regulatory requirements, the effect of summation of biological effect was calculated. The work used methodological recommendations for calculating the index of chemical water pollution and the utility coefficient, as well as a guide for assessing the health risks of the population when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated for all potable water of centralized water supply based on the average daily intake dose and the reference dose of chemicals supplied with drinking water. The risk profile for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was achieved by comparing exposure levels with reference concentrations (safe) for human health. The risk profile for the combined effects of chemical compounds is based on the calculation of the hazard index (HI). A study on carcinogenic risk was carried out for substances that are identified as carcinogens according to the classification of an international agency for the study of cancer. For the analysis and statistical processing of information, the program "MS Excel" was used. Results. An assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological safety of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the region showed that the highest contribution to poor health is made by the content of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon, and petroleum products in drinking water. According to the values of hazard indices, the skin and mucous membranes, the central nervous system, the immune system, the endocrine system, the circulatory and digestive organs are exposed to adverse effects from chemicals in drinking water. The individual carcinogenic risk ranges from negligibly small to the upper limit of acceptable carcinogenic risk. Assessment of the potable water value indicator revealed a deficit situation in calcium, sodium, fluorine and general mineralization of water. The risk assessment for arsenic, tetrachlorethylene, and chloroform, which have carcinogenic properties and are the most important pollutants of drinking water, has shown that the individual risk levels for these substances are within the first and second ranges, which corresponds to the allowable and maximum allowable risk. Discussion. Arsenic concentration in adults was found to be not detected with risks greater than one, while for children, the non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic exceeded the level of safe exposure (HQ> 1), because children are more susceptible to toxic substances due to their relatively large volume of respiration and the rate of gastrointestinal absorption (due to greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium), and also due to the immature system of detoxification enzymes and a relatively lower rate of excretion of toxic chemicals. According to the level of non-carcinogenic risk for children, nitrates follow arsenic. Nitrates have a hypoxic effect, increasing the concentration of the irreversible form of hemoglobin - methemoglobin. The toxicity of nitrates is related to their transformation into the human body into nitrosamines. As a result, the child's organism responds more sharply than in adults to the presence of chemicals in the water. The general mineralization of drinking water is one of the integral index of the quality of drinking water. Calcium and magnesium deficiency can be an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases and manifest pathologies of the cardiovascular system: coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, myocardial infarction, etc. The tap water is known to be is not overloaded with carbonates, since they can lead to spoilage of water pipes. Therefore, to enrich the water with calcium and magnesium, the technology of creating bottled water uses mineral additives, which means that such water can become an additional source of minerals. Conclusion. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the Primorsky Territory has shown that the quality of drinking water depends on the concentration of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon and petroleum products. It should be noted that with the daily use of water from the distribution network throughout life, the likelihood of developing harmful effects on the health of adults and children is insignificant.

scholarly journals A small shipborne desalination plant based on the principle of loop heat pipe

2020 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Tongyao Miao ◽  
Zheng Fang ◽  
Lingzhi Feng ◽  
Yunhui Peng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Loop Heat Pipe ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
New Type ◽  
Emergency Equipment ◽  
High Energy Consumption

As is well-known, the problem of fresh water has always been a major problem for ocean navigation. The existing marine seawater desalination equipment generally has the disadvantages of large volume, high energy consumption and easy to pollute the environment. Based on this, we proposed a small seawater desalination system based on phase change to enhance heat transfer, which realized low temperature and low energy consumption by using the loop heat pipe technology, a new type of heat sink type spoiler evaporator and an integrated equal-heat plate fin condenser. The device is suitable for islands, fishing boats and other complicated areas where power is scarce and fresh water resources are scarce. It can also be used as fresh water emergency equipment for large ships, saving energy and being portable.

Managing the risks and responsibilities of resource companies providing potable water

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Chris Hewitson ◽  
Eva Dec ◽  
Tony Lines
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Beneficial Use ◽  
The Impact

This peer-reviewed paper examines the risks and responsibilities of water providers and the process resource companies should undertake to document how they will deliver a safe and secure water supply to their employees and contractors, and the communities in which they operate, thereby reducing the risks of water quality incidents and managing the impact to the organisation should an incident occur. Water quality incidents can have major impacts to human health and the brand perception of the resource company supplying the water, and can potentially shutdown resource abstraction. Resource companies have a duty of care to provide a secure and safe drinking water supply. This is reinforced by state health departments directing resource organisations to comply with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG), which were updated in 2011 (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2011). Organisations in the CSG industry experience an additional challenge—managing water by-product from gas extraction. There are drivers for the beneficial use of this water—including irrigation, aquifer recharge and municipal supply—resulting in changes to legislation in Queensland (DERM, 2010) that require a process similar to ADWG recommendations, where beneficial use or disposal may impact potable supplies. The ADWG provides clear guidance to potable water providers—whether they are supplying a few consumers or major towns requiring a Drinking Water Quality Management System (DWQM System). This guidance includes documenting a clear process to securing a clean water source, making the water safe to consume and proving it is safe. Developing a DWQM System enables resource companies to understand issues in supplying drinking water through regular review and improvement, while minimising and managing the health risks to consumers.

scholarly journals Estudio comparativo en el acceso a los servicios de agua potable entre Panamá y Costa Rica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darner A. Mora-Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Potable Water Supply

Se realizó un análisis comparativo sobre el acceso a los servicios de agua potable entre Panamá y Costa Rica, además de su relación con los indicadores de salud pública y desarrollo, con el propósito de identificar las fortalezas y debilidades que permitan definir metas a mediano y largo plazo. Para el año 2016, la República de Panamá alcanzó una cobertura con agua para consumo humano por cañería de 94,6%, de la cual se estima que el 74,6% fue de calidad potable, específicamente en el área urbana; sin embargo, se desconoce la calidad del agua suministrada por los 5.619 acueductos rurales, debido a que en estos no se aplica el Reglamento Técnico DGNTI-COPANIT 23-395-99. En el caso de Costa Rica y para el mismo periodo, se estima que el 97,6% de los 4.889.762 habitantes fueron abastecidos con agua por cañería, y el 91,8% recibió agua de calidad potable, distribuida en 98% en el área urbana y 78,8% en la rural. Los indicadores básicos de salud y desarrollo son mejores en Costa Rica, lo cual es concordante con la mayor cobertura de agua potable. En ambos países la rectoría es débil y fraccionada; en razón de esto, existen propuestas de políticas nacionales en agua potable, que buscan alcanzar la universalización del suministro de agua potable para el año 2030. Se propone elaborar políticas nacionales del subsector de agua potable, con sus respectivos planes de acción y modelos de evaluación y seguimiento, con el propósito de alcanzar la universalización de los servicios de agua potable en Panamá y Costa Rica en el año 2030. Drinking water coverage; health indicators; potable; water supply; drinking-water.

scholarly journals Evaluation of environmental indicators of RO seawater desalination: case study coastal strip of Hormozgan province, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 694-703
Author(s):  
Somayeh Mohammadi Jouzdani ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Zerafat ◽  
Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh ◽  
Hassan Vagharfard
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Seawater Desalination

Abstract In recent years, desalination has been turned into a fresh water supply as a solution in some areas which suffer from water shortage. Desalinated water as an industrial product causes environmental problems. The objectives of this study are investigating environmental sustainability indicators related to seawater desalination via reverse osmosis (SWRO) on the coastline of Hormozgan province to provide a better insight for current and future water and energy demands related to this alternative. The selected indicators are specific energy consumption, seawater withdrawal, and brine volume in desalination, fuel consumption, carbon emission and water withdrawal in electric power generation. Using a solution-diffusion model, the direct indicator of energy consumption was obtained as used to calculate indirect indicators from the energy generation sector. Analysis of results indicates that desalination can lead to out-of-area side effects resulting from fuel type consumed and the practical power of the power plant, in addition to the regional environmental effects that are mostly affected by total dissolved solids of feed water. Based on the results, the environmental issues should be considered for the regions where desalination was planned as the most feasible alternative for water supply. This result can help policymakers to manage water supply and demand for sustainable development appropriately.

Study on Life-Cycle Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gases Emission of Battery Electric Passenger Vehicles in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Qiang Lu ◽  
Zheng Shen ◽  
Yaokun Yang ◽  
Yunlin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Production Stage ◽  
Vehicle Production

Based on the localized data of environmental load, this study has established the life cycle assessment (LCA) model of battery electric passenger vehicle (BEPV) that be produced and used in China, and has evaluated the energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission during vehicle production and operation. The results show that the total energy consumption and GHG emissions are 438GJ and 37,100kg (in terms of CO2 equivalent) respectively. The share of GHG emissions in total emissions at the production stage is 24.6%, and 75.4% GHG emissions are contributed by the operational stage. The main source of energy consumption and GHG emissions at vehicle production stage is the extraction and processing of raw materials. The GHG emissions of raw materials production accounts for 75.0% in the GHG emissions of vehicle production and 18.0% in the GHG emissions of full life cycle. The scenario analysis shows that the application of recyclable materials, power grid GHG emission rates and vehicle energy consumption rates have significant influence on the carbon emissions in the life cycle of vehicle. Replacing primary metals with recycled metals can reduce GHG emissions of vehicle production by about 7.3%, and total GHG emissions can be reduced by about 1.8%. For every 1% decrease in GHG emissions per unit of electricity, the GHG emissions of operation stage will decrease by about 0.9%; for every 1.0% decrease in vehicle energy consumption rate, the total GHG emissions decrease by about 0.8%. Therefore, developing clean energy, reducing the proportion of coal power, optimizing the production of raw materials and increasing the application of recyclable materials are effective ways to improve the environmental performance of BEPV.

MODERNIZATION OF THE PUMPING STATION OF TECHNICAL WATER SUPPLY ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC «OMSK KAUCHUK»

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
YU. V. КОRCHEVSKAYA ◽  
◽  
I. A. TROTSENKO ◽  
E. E. NAZARKIN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Pumping Equipment ◽  
Inefficient Operation ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Since reducing energy consumption is a priority for an enterprise, economic effi ciency in general is directly related to the use of pumping equipment. The demand for electricity for pumping equipment will depend on various factors: the operating modes of pumping stations and installations, the equipment used measures to reduce the cost of electricity consumed, etc. The current practice indicates extremely inefficient operation of pumping equipment. Currently, a large number of pumping stations of water supply and sanitation systems operate in an uneconomical mode. Very often, this is due to incorrect selection of pumping equipment, outdated pumping equipment, the operation of pumps in non- calculation mode. In addition, pumping equipment has been installed in many industries since the establishment of production. Such equipment is morally and technically outdated. Now,technological progress allows us to use more efficient equipment and materials that allow us to reduce energy consumption. The article presents an analysis of the energy consumption of a pumping station of technical water supply on the example of JSC «Omsk Kauchuk», a variant of modernization is proposed in order to reduce the consumption of electricity by pumping equipment. The need to modernize the pumping station of technical water supply is associated with a significant service life and high –energy consumption of pumping equipment. Two pump brands were selected and a comparative analysis was carried out. Based on calculations of energy consumption and technological characteristics, the most profitable and optimal version of the D6300-80-2b pump was chosen, since the pump performance is greater and the power consumption is less than that of the JETEX DS600-750 pump, as well as reducing the wear rate of operating elements, improving the pump’s suction capacity

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