Behaviour of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants during drinking water treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-617
Author(s):  
F. Sacher ◽  
B. Körner ◽  
A. Thoma ◽  
H.-J. Brauch ◽  
D. Khiari
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Efficient Option

Flame retardants are chemicals that are added to plastic materials in order to prevent them from catching fire and to slow down the burning process. Due to the widespread occurrence of flame retardants in the environment, it can be expected that especially the more hydrophilic compounds already contaminate raw water resources of water utilities. In this paper results of laboratory-scale experiments on the behaviour of ten brominated and chlorinated flame retardants during different steps of drinking water treatment will be presented. The target compounds were selected based on their production volumes and physical-chemical properties. The final list includes 1- and 2-bromostyrene, 2,4- and 2,6-dibromophenol, tetrabromophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, chlorendic acid, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP). The results obtained from the laboratory-scale experiments clearly indicate that from the selected flame retardants only 1- and 2-bromostyrene are well biodegradable under aerobic conditions whereas the other flame retardants under investigation turned out to be persistent. Flocculation with either iron or aluminium salts is not an efficient option for removal of the selected flame retardants. For 1- and 2-bromostyrene removal rates of ca. 50% can be achieved whereas for the other compounds removal rates are in the range of 10 to 30% even when dosing 50 mg/L of flocculation agent. Oxidation with either ozone or ozone/hydrogen peroxide proved also to be rather inefficient for removal of the flame retardants under investigation, even at elevated doses of oxidant of 10 mg/L. However, results showed that the selected flame retardants adsorb well onto activated carbon and thus GAC adsorption seems to be a promising option for their removal.

Characterization of NOM in a drinking water treatment process train with no disinfectant residual

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Baghoth ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
A. Grefte ◽  
J. Kroesbergen ◽  
G. L. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

For drinking water treatment plants that do not use disinfectant residual in the distribution system, it is important to limit availability of easily biodegradable natural organic matter (NOM) fractions which could enhance bacterial regrowth in the distribution system. This can be achieved by optimising the removal of those fractions of interest during treatment; however, this requires a better understanding of the physical and chemical properties of these NOM components. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and liquid chromatography with online organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) were used to characterize NOM in water samples from one of the two water treatment plants serving Amsterdam, The Netherlands. No disinfectant residual is applied in the distribution system. Fluorescence EEM and LC-OCD were used to track NOM fractions. Whereas fluorescence EEM shows the reduction of humic-like as well as protein-like fluorescence signatures, LC-OCD was able to quantify the changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of five NOM fractions: humic substances, building blocks (hydrolysates of humics), biopolymers, low molecular weight acids and neutrals.

Oxidation efficiencies of natural organic matter by the different ozone contact systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-680
Author(s):  
Byoung-Ho Lee ◽  
Won-Chul Song ◽  
Hyun-Joo Yang ◽  
Jeong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Young-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

Owing to the strong oxidation potential, ozone has been used widely in advanced water treatment. However, degradation and oxidation efficiencies of NOM (Natural Organic Matter) by the traditional ozone contact system are normally believed to be low. Oxidation efficiency of NOM by the PHOC (Pressurized High Ozone Contact) method was compared with that by the MOC (Mechanical Ozone Contact, the traditional system) method for the drinking water treatment. Sand filtered water of the drinking water treatment plant was used for experimental samples. Removal rates of UV254 absorbance, KMnO4 consumption and DOC by the MOC system were 18.4%, 2.39%, and 2.72% respectively with 1 mg-O3/L. On the other hand, removal rates of KMnO4 consumption, TOC, DOC, UV254 absorbance and SUVA by the PHOC system were 8–20%, 7.52–34.4%, 6.65–18.2%, 37.4–60.8% and 33.8–60% with 1–3 mg/L of ozone concentrations. Concentration of BDOC after ozone application was 0.003–0.044 mg/L by the MOC method, while 0.084–0.044 mg/L by the PHOC method with 1–3 mg/L of ozone concentrations. Concerning molecular weight distribution, fractions of NOM below 1 kDa were increased by the PHOC method of ozone application. Analysis shows that the reason for overall enhancement of the treatment efficiencies by the PHOC system is because contacting surface area of numerous micro ozone bubbles was increased dramatically in the PHOC system, and oxidation potential was enhanced by increased ozone concentrations in the ozone contact tank. Thus, it is understood that the PHOC method is a more efficient system for ozone application than the traditional MOC system in drinking water treatment process.

Removal characterization of 133Cs and 127I in a water treatment process using a laboratory scale experiment

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1289-1294
Author(s):  
Hee Suk Lee ◽  
Jeongyup Lee ◽  
Byengsuk Yoon ◽  
Youjin Yim ◽  
Ilhwan Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Exchange Method

Due to the tragic disaster that happened in Japan and crippled the Fukushima nuclear power plant, serious concerns have been raised regarding the contamination of drinking water as a result of the radioactive materials that were released. Even though the quantities of radioactive material in rain were relatively low, people were concerned about the drinking water. Therefore, there is a need to know the removal efficiency of the unit process of water treatment and to prepare a safety plan to protect the public's health from radioactive materials. In this study, the laboratory scale removal rates were estimated for the coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, and ion exchange processes. The reference standard materials which are stable elements, Cesium-133 (Cs-133) and Iodine-127 (I-127), were used for the typical and advanced water treatment processes at the laboratory scale. For the coagulation/flocculation process, three major coagulants were assessed for this process. However, the removal rates of this process were low. For the adsorption process, powdered activated carbon and zeolites were investigated. The powdered activated carbon showed insignificant removal rates for both reference materials. However, synthetic zeolite was an effective process for Cs-133, and the ion exchange method showed high removal rates for both Cs-133 and I-127.

scholarly journals Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2645
Author(s):  
Wonjin Sim ◽  
Sol Choi ◽  
Gyojin Choo ◽  
Mihee Yang ◽  
Ju-Hyun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

In this study, the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in raw water and treated water samples obtained from 18 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The ∑13OPFR concentrations in the treated water samples (29.5–122 ng/L; median 47.5 ng/L) were lower than those in the raw water (37.7–231 ng/L; median 98.1 ng/L), which indicated the positive removal rates (0–80%) of ∑13OPFR in the DWTPs. The removal efficiencies of ∑27PFAS in the DWTPs ranged from −200% to 50%, with the ∑27PFAS concentrations in the raw water (4.15–154 ng/L; median 32.0 ng/L) being similar to or lower than those in the treated water (4.74–116 ng/L; median 42.2 ng/L). Among OPFR, tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were dominant in both raw water and treated water samples obtained from the DWTPs. The dominant PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)) in the raw water samples were slightly different from those in the treated water samples (PFOA, L-perfluorohexane sulfonate (L-PFHxS), and PFHxA). The 95-percentile daily intakes of ∑13OPFR and ∑27PFAS via drinking water consumption were estimated to be up to 4.9 ng/kg/d and 0.22 ng/kg/d, respectively. The hazard index values of OPFR and PFAS were lower than 1, suggesting the risks less than known hazardous levels.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Compliance of TOC and Turbidity Related to Pathogen Breakthrough and THMs Control by Enhanced Coagulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
By Products

Since discovery of harmful disinfection by products (DBPs) like trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in chlorinated waters the removal of organic DBPs precursors gained priority in drinking water treatment. Historically, coagulation process was arranged to remove turbidity, typically related to pathogens occurrence, but nowadays it is usually optimized/enhanced for total organic carbon (TOC) reduction. This work dealt with the removal of TOC and turbidity by means of enhanced coagulation process using Al2(SO4)3⋅18 H2O and FeCl3⋅6H2O as coagulants for jar test without pH adjustment according to USEPA procedure. 15% of TOC removal required by USEPA D/DBPs rule (1998) was achieved using 30-50 mg l-1 of both coagulants. On the other hand, for compliance with more stringent MCL for total THMs in Italy (30 μg l-1) higher TOC removal (>30%) which needed of higher coagulants doses (80 mg l-1), was obviously required. Those high coagulant doses were also to be used for the compliance with the turbidity standard (<1NTU).

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Hussain Mohammed Ali ◽  
Dheaa Zageer ◽  
Atheel H. Alwash
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The presence of natural or non-natural pollutants in water resulting from human activity such as the introduction of harmful agricultural and industrial pollutants into rivers that could be the main reason in forming trihalomethane compounds after chlorination step in drinking water production plants. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the efficiency of traditional drinking water treatment plants in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants (chemical and physical parameters). The Al-Hussein city water project as a traditional water treatment plant in Karbala governorate was taken with a capacity of 8000 m3/ has a model for this study. The physical and chemical properties of traditional plant was measured such as (Turbidity, Temperature, pH, Electric conductivity, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Aluminum, Sulphate, Total dissolved salts) was taken from four units in the plant (quick mixing unit, sedimentation unit, filtration unit and disinfection unit). The average chemical and physical properties for both raw and drinking water were calculated for eight months during 2017-2018. The average removal percentage of turbidity was 60.7%. However, the values of the other tests ranged from 5 to -0.94%. In order to evaluate the presence of the organic substances in the plant. The samples for raw and drinking water were withdrawn in the winter and spring season from four units of the plant. The traditional plant show the removal efficiency of organic materials was 82% in the winter and 52% was in the spring season. The results showed that the physical and chemical properties were not significantly affected during the treatment process and their values were within the limits of the standard of drinking water. The traditional drinking water treatment plant considers unstable plant for the removal of organic compounds in the winter and spring with the possibility of forming chlorinated organic compounds. Therefore, there was the need to use additional treatment techniques to meet the challenges of new pollutants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document