Rapid sand filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum: effects of media depth and coagulation

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Gitis
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ripening Stage ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Efficient Transport ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Granular Filtration ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

Pilot-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of C. parvum by contact granular filtration. The experiments indicated efficient transport of C. parvum oocysts and limitations posed by attachment conditions. The required 99% oocyst removal was achieved during the operable period. Insufficient 95% removal was attributed to a reduced amount of accumulated material at ripening stage. Coagulation, filter depth and run time were found to be important in the removal of C. parvum oocysts.

Depressed filtration ripening enhances removal of Cryptosporidium parvum

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gitis ◽  
R.C. Haught ◽  
R.M. Clark ◽  
E. Radha Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽  
Granular Filtration ◽  
Electrostatic Adhesion ◽  
Innovative Concept

Pilot-scale experiments were conducted to investigate removal of Cryptosporidium parvum by contact granular filtration. The research demonstrated enhanced removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in the presence of kaolin particles. This is believed to be due electrostatic adhesion of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to the kaolin clay particles. The elementary physico-chemical interactions between filter granules and suspension particles will be discussed. This innovative concept was successfully implemented to reduce the ripening sequence of subsequent filtration experimental test runs by the addition of large surface area particles to slurry of kaolin and Cryptosporidium parvum in surface water.

scholarly journals Removals of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and cryptosporidium-sized polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water by diatomaceous earth filtration and perlite-sand filtration

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
James E. Amburgey ◽  
Vincent R. Hill ◽  
Jennifer L. Murphy ◽  
Chandra L. Schneeberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts

Removal of Cryptosporidium-sized microspheres and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from swimming pools was investigated using diatomaceous earth (DE) precoat filtration and perlite-sand filtration. In pilot-scale experiments, microsphere removals of up to 2 log were obtained with 0.7 kg·DE/m2 at a filtration rate of 5 m/h. A slightly higher microsphere removal (2.3 log) was obtained for these DE-precoated filters when the filtration rate was 3.6 m/h. Additionally, pilot-scale perlite-sand filters achieved greater than 2 log removal when at least 0.37 kg/m2 of perlite was used compared to 0.1–0.4 log removal without perlite both at a surface loading rate of 37 m/h. Full-scale testing achieved 2.7 log of microspheres and oocysts removal when 0.7 kg·DE/m2 was used at 3.6 m/h. Removals were significantly decreased by a 15-minute interruption of the flow (without any mechanical agitation) to the DE filter in pilot-scale studies, which was not observed in full-scale filters. Microsphere removals were 2.7 log by perlite-sand filtration in a full-scale swimming pool filter operated at 34 m/h with 0.5 kg/m2 of perlite. The results demonstrate that either a DE precoat filter or a perlite-sand filter can improve the efficiency of removal of microspheres and oocysts from swimming pools over a standard sand filter under the conditions studied.

scholarly journals A full-scale study of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst and Cryptosporidium-sized microsphere removals from swimming pools via sand filtration

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
James E. Amburgey ◽  
Vincent R. Hill ◽  
Jennifer L. Murphy ◽  
Chandra Schneeberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Initial Dosage ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts

Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Cryptosporidium-sized microspheres was evaluated in full-scale swimming pools via high-rate sand filtration (31–34 m/h) with coagulation. Results showed that at least 90% of C. parvum oocysts and microspheres were removed by filtration with an initial dosage of coagulant B (1.56 mg/L), D (1.9 mg/L or 305 g/m2), or F (1.56 mg/L) from each swimming pool. Filtration with an initial dosage of coagulant E (0.1 mg·Al/L) achieved 82% C. parvum oocyst removal and 97% microsphere removal. Coagulants B and F had a tendency to overdose over time with continuous feeding (based on corresponding pilot-scale experiments) and did not consistently achieve removals greater than 90% in the full-scale trials. As high as 99% of C. parvum oocysts and 98% of microspheres were removed with a continuous dosage of coagulant D. Up to 98% (1.7 log) of C. parvum oocysts and 93% (1.1 log) of microspheres were removed by continuous dosing of coagulant E at 27 m/h. Consistent oocyst and microsphere removal by aluminum-based coagulants (D and E) was achieved under the tested swimming pool conditions.

Removal of microbes from municipal wastewater effluent by rapid sand filtration and subsequent UV irradiation

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Rajala ◽  
M. Pulkkanen ◽  
M. Pessi ◽  
H. Heinonen-Tanski
Keyword(s):  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uv Transmittance ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

The elimination of wastewater microbes is often necessary when effluent receiving waters are reused for different purposes e.g. for irrigation or as a raw water source of drinking water. In the present study, rapid sand filtration (SF) combined with the use of polyaluminium chloride coagulation was used as a pre-treatment to improve the quality of wastewater effluent before further treatment with UV irradiation. Pilot-scale experiments were run in four treatment plants in Finland. Treatment performance was followed by measuring physical and microbial parameters. Rapid sand filtration reduced suspended solids, turbidity and colour of effluents by about 90%, 70-80% and 20-50% respectively. It also improved the UV transmittance of water by up to 20%. Microbes and phosphorus were reduced by 90-99% and to 0.05 mg/L respectively. UV irradiation further reduced the number of microbes up to 99.9%. The efficiency of UV doses in pilot UV reactors was confirmed with collimated-beam device determinations and with added FRNA phages. More than 99.9% reduction of MS2 was achieved with the dose of 140mWs/cm2 in pilot UV reactors. Rapid sand filtration and the subsequent UV irradiation reduced the number of all the tested microbes to a low level, often below the detection limit. Suspended solids and the water turbidity were reduced to 1-2 mg/L and ~1 NTU respectively.

Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria on biological activated carbon in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant with different treatment processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3070-3077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuro Kasuga ◽  
Hirotaka Nakagaki ◽  
Futoshi Kurisu ◽  
Hiroaki Furumai
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Nitrification Potential ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

The effects of different placements of rapid sand filtration on nitrification performance of BAC treatment in a pilot-scale plant were evaluated. In this plant, rapid sand filtration was placed after ozonation-BAC treatment in Process (A), while it preceded ozonation-BAC treatment in Process (B). Analysis of amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) combined with nitrification potential test was conducted. BAC from Process (A) demonstrated slightly higher nitrification potential at every sampling occasion. This might be due to higher abundances of AOB on BAC from Process (A) than those on BAC from Process (B). However, AOA rather than AOB could be predominant ammonia-oxidizers in BAC treatment regardless of the position of rapid sand filtration. The highest nitrification potential was observed for BAC from both processes in February when the highest abundances of AOA-amoA and AOB-amoA genes were detected. Since rapid sand filtration was placed after BAC treatment in Process (A), residual aluminum concentration in BAC influent was higher in Process (A). However, adverse effects of aluminum on nitrification activity were not observed. These results suggest that factors other than aluminum concentration in different treatment processes could possibly have some influence on abundances of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms on BAC.

Removal of Nematodes by Rapid Sand Filtration

1969 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Irvine Wen-Tung Wei ◽  
R. S. Engelbrecht ◽  
John H. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration
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