Irrigation in the Indus basin: A history of unsustainability?

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Alam ◽  
P. Sahota ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Indus Basin ◽  
The Political ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
History Of ◽  
River Shifting ◽  
Salt Profile

The Indus basin civilization (3000–1500 BC) is thought to have collapsed due to the Indus river shifting its course, and unchecked salinization of the irrigated land. Though modern irrigation practices in the Indus basin do not have to worry about the river shifting its course, a priority concern should be the basin's salt profile. Despite attempts to deal with the problem since the 1960 s, the net result is still an increasing salt balance which threatens the system's sustainability. This paper explores what it means to manage risk, and then applies these insights to a narrative history of the Indus basin. Particular focus is placed on the basin's current management since it will shape how irrigation is managed in the future. A key lesson to derive is that given the short-term nature of decision-making in the basin, any significant change has to address the political reality whereby politicians exert influence over water allocations in order to safeguard their political lives.

Building for the Shah: Market Entry, Political Reality and Risks on the Iranian Market, 1933–1939

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-669
Author(s):  
Steen Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Construction Firm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
Second World

Unlike other Western European companies operating in Iran between the first and second world wars, the Danish construction firm Kampsax pursued a forestalling strategy in dealing with the political imperative of Reza Shah. The British Bank of the Middle East and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, by contrast, pursued an absorption strategy. That is, they actively tried to “Iranize” their operations by appointing native Iranians to important managerial positions. Kampsax, however, made no attempt at “Iranization,” depending entirely on contractual relations with local builders and labor forces. This no doubt contributed to the firm's exposure as a totally foreign enterprise and lessened their chances of gaining favor with the Shah's advisors, who pursued an overtly nationalistic set of policies. The history of Kampsax in Iran therefore offers a useful case to use the concept of the political risks in relation to multinationals working in dictatorial settings. This paper undertakes such a study and concludes that the absorption strategy that was already being pursued by British firms offers a better way of managing such risks.

scholarly journals THE GENEALOGY OF SOCIAL HISTORY OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION POLITICS IN INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Choirul Mahfud Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Education Politics ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Studying on the politics of Islamic education in Indonesia cannot be separated from historical aspects. This study discusses why and how the history of Islamic education cannot be separated from the birth, growth and development of Islamic education in a country. In the Indonesian context, the political history of Islamic education cannot be separated from the dynamics of Islamic education and power from time to time, starting from the pre-independence period to the present. This article uses qualitative research methods that emphasize the study of documents or texts. That is, the study of the text in this study focuses more on the analysis or interpretation of written material based on the context. The results of this study indicate that the relationship between history and politics of Islamic education in Indonesia is very close and strong relationship. Azyumardi Azra sees the historical aspect as very dominant in constructing the political reality of Islamic education in Indonesia from time to time. In this context, Michel Foucault gives attention to the genealogical aspects in history which focus on the origin and form of the history of knowledge which in certain contexts cannot be separated from power.

scholarly journals Informbiro crisis and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1948-1956) in historical sources and historiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 93-121
Author(s):  
Jasmin Jajčević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Second World

In terms of historiography, the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Second World War has been dealt with by many historians and scholars, dealing with and researching topics related to the economy, culture, the issue of religious communities, political circumstances, etc. What is lacking in historiographical research in the period after the Second World War is certainly the question of education (educational opportunities), as well as the question of the repercussions and consequences of the Informbiro crisis in the period from 1948 to 1956 for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The period from 1948 to 1956 is one of the most dramatic and fateful phases in the recent history of the South Slavic countries, ie Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a period of very contradictory and turbulent social processes, which have led to complex changes in all areas of socio-economic and political reality, both domestically (in Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and internationally. Stalin's attempt to subjugate the Yugoslav party leadership to Soviet domination will lead to an open split between Tito and Stalin (Yugoslavia and the USSR), which will have major consequences for the development of the Yugoslav political system, will lead to universal persecution of all those who voted for politics. Informbiroa in Yugoslavia. The conflict will have a particular impact on the political, economic and social situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this paper is to point out the historical sources that are in the archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, archives in Belgrade (Archives of Yugoslavia) and Zagreb on the basis of which the necessary data can be drawn to understand this issue, as well as to point to historiography (books, collections of papers and journals) that dealt with the issue of the Informbiro crisis in the period from 1948 to 1956 and its reflection on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is due to the fact that very few scientists and historians have dealt with this issue, as well as that there is very little historical literature for this period, especially for the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It should be noted that we have a historian who has dealt with this issue at the micro level, and as a result a book was published in 2005 entitled „Informbiro and Northeast Bosnia: Echoes and Consequences of the KPJ-Informbiro Conflict (1948-1953)", where the general public with this event, which has a great impact on the political and socio-economic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. From the appearance of this book until today, there have been attempts to shed light on this issue through several scientific conferences and round tables, and the result has been published collections of papers, as well as articles published in some journals, both in Bosnia and Herzegovina and wider.

scholarly journals Socio-political ideas in the works of V.V. Rozanov

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Yu.K. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

The main content of the monograph by O.E. Puchnina (Sorokopudova) «Political Outlook of V.V. Rozanov» which makes up the main and largest section of the book «Russian socio-political thought in the 19th and early 20th century: V.V. Rozanov» is examined in detail. It is noted that the authors of the serial edition and above all the author-compiler of its monographic section, O.E. Puchnina, managed to bring out in a detailed study of the work of one of the most original Russian thinkers of culture in the Silver Age a whole layer of conceptually related socio-political ideas giving them the status of a political worldview. The methodological basis of the review rests on the methods of analysis and evaluation of the results of the research conducted by the author that are typical of this type of scientific criticism. The assessment of the quality and completeness of the bibliographic description of the sources used in the monograph rests on the resut of the analysis. The degree of influence of biographical themes taken from the biography of V.V. Rozanov on the character of his ideological formation is presented. The features of Rozanov's creative style and method of analysis of socio-political reality highlighted by the author of the monograph are considered and critically evaluated. The political processes and phenomena in relation to which the philosopher formulated his original political ideas are listed. The role and place of V.V. Rozanov's political outlook in the Russian historiography and the history of the Russian socio-political tradition are shown. The argument of the thesis about the typicality of Rozanov's unique creativity for the Russian consciousness in the late 19th‒ early 20th century is partially supported. It is concluded that despite the critical remarks that were expressed in the article, O.E. Puchnina's innovative experiment of an ideological reconstruction of Rozanov’s socio-political ideas should be recognized as very successful.

Zwischen Berlin und Paris

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Philipp Lenhard
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
The Political ◽  
Philosophical Idea ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Philosopher ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
The Impact

For Hegel’s German-Jewish disciples, the French Revolution marked the starting point of a history of freedom, which was to include legal and political emancipation. In many cases, however, the experiences of German-Jewish migrants in Paris were disappointing. The philosophical idea of “France” was not to be confused with its political reality. Nevertheless, the image of France served as a critical antithesis to the political situation in Germany throughout the 1820 and 1830s. The article discusses the impact of France on the political concepts of Jewish Hegelians with a focus on the jurist and political philosopher Eduard Gans.

The Smolensk Scandal and the End of NEP

Slavic Review ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Brower
Keyword(s):  
Political Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Panoramic View ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Policies

The events of the last years of NEP—the New Economic Policy—confront historians with two complex and still controversial issues: the effect of these “new” policies on the Russian economy, on society, and on methods of Communist rule in the country and the political conflict dividing the party leadership in the late 1920s. The first issue raises the question of the extent to which NEP was evolving in a direction compatible with the Communists' dream of a socialist society, with the short-term political needs of the Soviet state, and with the priorities of economic development. The second issue focuses on the political instability generated by the controversy over domestic policy and methods of rule, as well as by the personal antagonism between the two key political leaders, Nikolai Bukharin and Stalin. The debate on these questions, answers to which are crucial to our understanding of the origins of Stalinism, has for the most part relied on evidence drawn from central party and state activities, giving the discussion a panoramic view of the history of those years.

Political Exclusion in Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Klaas
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Political System ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coups D'etat

The political history of Africa is a history defined by political exclusion. Groups of people and politicians have been excluded from political participation on the basis of religion, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, class, and disability throughout the continent. Sometimes political exclusion is a result of a bigoted ideology of a group being inferior—as was the case during the colonial period. Other times, leaders use exclusion in order to maintain power, attempting to neutralize their rivals by removing them from the political system. That exclusion often creates destabiliziation, and sometimes violence. In some cases, notably in Côte d’Ivoire, for example, the debate over who is “legitimate” to include in politics and who is “illegitimate” has sparked civil wars and coups d’état. However, there is a strategic logic to political exclusion: it often tempts autocratic leaders as seemingly the “easiest” way of staying in power in the short term, even if it creates a higher risk of political violence in the long run. Nonetheless, political exclusion remains a widespread feature of most African states well into the 21st century. Until African politics become more inclusive, it is likely that the volatility associated with exclusionary politics will persist even if democratic institutions become stronger over time.

scholarly journals Ferghana in the Period of Amir Timur's Struggle for Power (1360-1370)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3180-3187 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Ferghana Valley ◽  
History Of

The article analyzes the political processes that occurred in the Ferghana Valley during the years of the struggle for the power of Amir Temur. During the analysis, by comparative and critical study of the information available in historical sources, the role and importance of the Ferghana Valley in the political life of Maverannakhr were highlighted. As for the studied period of the history of the Ferghana Valley, sources only contain information on Khojend, the analysis was carried out using the example of this property. Attention is drawn to the fact that the neighborhood with the nomadic state Mogolistan had a great influence on the political reality of the Ferghana Valley. Also, on the basis of a critical review of the historical and political events described in the sources, the author provides new conclusions.

scholarly journals PHILOSOPHY AND THEATRE IN THE CENTURY OF ENLIGHTENMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Luciano da Silva Façanha ◽  
Zilmara de Jesus Viana de Carvalho ◽  
Maria Olilia Serra ◽  
Helderson Mariani Pires ◽  
Márcio Junior Montelo Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Educational Role ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Theatrical Representation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theatrical Practice

The theatrical performance has always been a continual concern during all the history of humanity, because it performs an art where people have certain stories that arouse many feelings and insights to the spectators. It highlights the fact that the theatrical performance has special importance for philosophical reflection, especially in the characteristic illustration of the philosophy of the eighteenth century. In this context, several thinkers participated intensely of the political reality of this time, using the theatrical practice on several occasions, both for the contribution to the intellectual framework and to portray the daily life of the rising class, namely the bourgeoisie. Among these thinkers, this paper will highlight the Voltaire conceptions of representation of the aristocratic theater, establishing it as a powerful means of education; Diderot about the genesis of the drama, where art had the function of refining and instructing individuals, representing the aspirations of the bourgeoisie. Since the conception of Jean-Jacques Rousseau about the theater, unlike the two mentioned thinkers, says the educational role of the theater is illusory, as the theatrical representation only reflects the passions of their audience. Thus, it is emphasized that the Genevan thinker followed a contrary understanding to the thinkers of the period.

scholarly journals SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN ISLAM MENURUT AL-MAWARDI DAN APLIKASINYA DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-283
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Era

This paper examines the system of Islamic government according to al-Mawardi and its application in Indonesia. The first study focused on the early history of government in the history of Islamic politics since the Prophet built the State of Medina until it developed until the Abbasid dynasty. Al-Mawardi, who lived in the Middle Ages when the political situation at that time was very unstable and led to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty, gave birth to a concept of a government system based on the political reality of his day. Imam al-Mawardi's political thinking was then poured in the work of al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyyah and became a basic concept for the development of political thought and its application in the modern era including in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the application of al-Mawardi's theory of social contracts explains the relationship between ahl al-halli wal aqdi and ahl Imamah. This concept was then embodied and developed in the system of governance in Indonesia into 3 boards, namely: legislative institutions, executive institutions, and judicial institutions.

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