LC-ESI/MS/MS analysis with derivatization applied to polar disinfection by-products in water treatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zwiener ◽  
T. Glauner ◽  
F.H. Frimmel
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Compound Identification ◽  
Identification Of Unknown Compounds ◽  
By Products

Chlorination and ozonation experiments under conditions close to drinking water treatment were carried out with two different tap waters with low DOC content and water from a bog lake with high natural organic matter content. THM formation was low and in the range of 10 μg/L. Derivatization with dinitrophenylhydrazine and HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry were applied to measure carbonyl DBPs by precursor ion scans at m/z 163 for aldehydes and at m/z 182 for dicarbonyls. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal were formed by chlorination and ozonation. Ozonation produced the highest levels of carbonyls, in particular in the tap water samples. A strategy for structure suggestion and identification of unknown compounds on the basis of collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra (MS) is given. The resulting structures are carbonyls with additional hydroxy and carboxy groups and serve for choice or synthesis of standard compounds for further identification. The possibilities and limits of compound identification are discussed.

Effect of advanced oxidation processes on nonylphenol removal with respect to chlorination in drinking water treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mosteo ◽  
N. Miguel ◽  
P. Ormad Maria ◽  
J. L. Ovelleiro
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
By Products

Any nonylphenol compounds found in water have to be removed since they are endocrine disruptors. In this study, natural water from the river Ebro fortified with nonylphenol compounds (4n-nonylphenol and technical nonylphenol) is used as a sample in order to simulate a real situation in drinking water treatment plants. The aim is to compare conventional disinfection with advanced oxidation processes (O3, O3/H2O2, O3/TiO2 and O3/H2O2/TiO2) used for the removal of nonylphenol compounds present in natural water. Furthermore, a study is carried out of the by-products (THMs) generated as a consequence of the presence of natural organic matter. Preoxidation by chlorine completely oxidizes 4n-nonylphenol and technical nonylphenol. It can be seen that the best of the advanced oxidation processes is the O3/H2O2, achieving an average oxidation of 55%, although the differences among the processes were not very significant. Furthermore, the use of post-chlorination guarantees the total removal of nonylphenol compounds.

scholarly journals Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil and Sediment

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-257
Author(s):  
Darija Kožul ◽  
Snježana Romanić
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
By Products ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Soil and SedimentThis review presents methods for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), called dioxins, in soil and sediment. These compounds are produced as by-products of different combustion processes, and because of their persistency and toxicity they present a threat for animal and human health. Due to their high organic matter content, soil and sediment can accumulate dioxins and have become important secondary emission sources. Determining dioxins in these samples is complex because dioxins are present in trace levels and have to be separated from interferences whereas other classes of organic contaminants are present in higher concentrations. After sampling, follows extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the end of this review, we gave levels of PCDD/PCDFs found in soil and sediment samples.

Use of a stable carbon isotope to assess the efficiency of a drinking water treatment method with CO2

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Poberžnik ◽  
A. Leis ◽  
A. Lobnik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Co2 Gas

CO2 gas with a special isotopic signature (δ13C = −35.2‰ vs. VPDB) was used as a marker to evaluate the efficiency of a drinking water treatment method and the effect of an ultrasonic (US) stirrer. This treatment was developed to prevent precipitation and corrosion effects in water–supply systems. The research work was performed using a laboratory-scale pilot plant that was filled with tap water. The stable isotope analyses of δ13C-DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) in the water samples indicated that the maximum content of added CO2 gas in DIC was in the range of 35 to 45%. The use of the US stirrer during the entire experiment decreased the method's overall efficiency by 10%, due to degassing at a late stage of the experiment but accelerated the dissolution process in the early experimental stage.

Presence and formation of disinfection by-products in Cairo residential water supply

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Smith ◽  
K. E. El-Deen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Sampling Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Residential Water

A sampling program was conducted in a residential community in Cairo, Egypt in order to determine the presence of chlorine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in treated water and to observe the impact of the distribution system on DBP levels. Five campaigns were conducted over a 15-month period during 2005–2006. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) exceeded local and international limits depending upon the season. Tap water concentrations of THMs were considerably higher in summer than during the rest of the year. In the Summer 2005 event, the average for the 20 tap water locations was 158 μg/l Total-THMs, well in excess of the U.S. EPA limit of 80 μg/L and the current Egyptian standard of 100 μg/l; all 20 locations exceeded the 100 μg/l limit. For the following event in late Fall 2005, the average dropped to 84 μg/l with 11 and 6 sites exceeding the U.S. EPA and Egyptian limits, respectively. HAA levels tended to be complementary to Total-THM values in that they were lower in summer but higher during fall and spring. The U.S. EPA limit on a select set of 5 HAAs (HAA5) is 60 μg/l (Egypt does not currently regulate HAAs). The average for HAA5 in the Summer 2005 event was 52 μg/l with 8 of the 20 tap samples equalling or exceeding the 60 μg/l standard. By contrast, in Fall 2005, the HAA5 average increased to 89 μg/l, with 15 of 20 sites exceeding the limit. THM and HAA concentrations generally increased with distance from the WTP along a targeted distribution main, while chlorine and natural organic matter tended to decrease.

scholarly journals Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water treatment lane

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grefte ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
E. R. Cornelissen ◽  
L. C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration

Abstract. To guarantee a good water quality at the customers tap, natural organic matter (NOM) should be (partly) removed during drinking water treatment. The objective of this research was to improve the biological stability of the produced water by incorporating anion exchange (IEX) for NOM removal. Different placement positions of IEX in the treatment lane (IEX positioned before coagulation, before ozonation or after slow sand filtration) and two IEX configurations (MIEX® and fluidized IEX (FIX)) were compared on water quality as well as costs. For this purpose the pre-treatment plant at Loenderveen and production plant Weesperkarspel of Waternet were used as a case study. Both, MIEX® and FIX were able to remove NOM (mainly the HS fraction) to a high extent. NOM removal can be done efficiently before ozonation and after slow sand filtration. The biological stability, in terms of assimilable organic carbon, biofilm formation rate and dissolved organic carbon, was improved by incorporating IEX for NOM removal. The operational costs were assumed to be directly dependent of the NOM removal rate and determined the difference between the IEX positions. The total costs for IEX for the three positions were approximately equal (0.0631 € m−3), however the savings on following treatment processes caused a cost reduction for the IEX positions before coagulation and before ozonation compared to IEX positioned after slow sand filtration. IEX positioned before ozonation was most cost effective and improved the biological stability of the treated water.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality of silage made from by-products of cassava starch extraction and viticulture

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
C.R. Schneider ◽  
M.A. Zambom ◽  
D. Galhardo ◽  
A. Faccenda ◽  
A.S. Avila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
By Products

This study evaluated silages made with varying proportions of viticulture by-products (VC) and starch extraction from cassava (CSE). It attempted to determine the effects of these proportions on the microbial population, fermentative losses, and chemical composition. The treatments were specified as the proportions of VC in the silage (0 g/kg, 250 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 750 g/kg, and 1000 g/kg). Silages were  evaluated before (0) and after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling. The experimental design was completely randomized with five  treatments, six storage times and four replications. The increased level of VC in the silage enhanced its dry matter content, ammonia  nitrogen (NH3-N), and buffering capacity, and reduced organic matter content. Fifteen days after ensiling, additional VC increased the concentration of soluble carbohydrates. The increased level of VC decreased the count of Clostridium spp. and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The incidence of yeasts and enterobacteria was low in all treatments at all time points. Over time, losses as effluent and gases increased. Use of increasing proportions from VC in silage made with CSE increased the contents of dry matter and soluble carbohydrates and  reduced the fermentative losses of the silage. The increased amount of VC also favoured pH reduction and reduced the proliferation of undesirable yeasts, while increasing the population of LAB.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document