Asset planning for water reticulation systems - the PARMS model

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Burn ◽  
S. Tucker ◽  
M. Rahilly ◽  
P. Davis ◽  
R. Jarrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
Asset Planning ◽  
Operational Expenditure ◽  
The Cost

Traditionally water reticulation systems have been operated so that pipeline repair/renewal occurs on a reactive basis, based upon the number of failures, the consequence of failure and the cost. Planning for future replacements and the costs associated with these has been based upon a best guess of pipe lifetimes, which have generally been very conservative, when compared to the actual pipe life obtained. Factors such as the required level of customer service, trade-offs between repair and renewal, or operating practices such as pressure reduction or shut-off block reduction have not been widely considered, except when they are required under the water authorities operating licence. To allow long-term strategies to be implemented for the repair/renewal of water pipelines, a Pipeline Asset and Risk Management System (PARMS) is being developed. This planning model has been designed to allow a range of “what if” scenarios to be analysed to determine their effects on water authorities’ long-term costs. This model is based upon whole of life costing and includes data on externality and customer impact costs. It analyses the failures of individual pipe assets, rather than the traditional practice of predicting failure of pipe cohorts, currently used by many authorities. This paper discusses the application of the PARMS planning model to allow selection of pipeline repair/renewal, and briefly analyses the influences that a range of customer service or operating decisions can have on a water authority’s capital and operational expenditure.

Theoretical and methodological approaches to the calculation of planned costs for maintenance of service vehicles of the road works customer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (23) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Taras Pechonchyk ◽  
◽  
Vitaliy Ivanchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
The Road ◽  
Fleet Composition ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Service Vehicles

AbstractIntroduction. Effective management of road indstry is particularly important in conditions of limited funding, as it is not possible to provide adequate funding of the economic entity that has the functions of a customer service. The cost of the customer service maintenance depends directly on the compliance with applicable regulations for these works cost determination. One of the aspects that form a considerable part of the costs of customer service is the maintenance of service vehicles.Problem Statement. Road services in the regions (hereinafter RSR) are the recipients and managers of the funds from the State Budget of Ukraine that are directed for the development and maintenance of public roads of state importance, being as well the asset holders of these roads. To perform their functions, the RSR have vehicles on their balance, the use of which involves a number of costs, including fuel and lubricants, repair, maintenance, replacement of tires, etc. The most important of the steps involved in setting the costs of vehicle maintenance is the process of cost planning. Planning has to be based on the structure of the vehicle fleet (own or leased), functional responsibilities and scope of road works.Planning is carried out for vehicles on the balance of the RSR, as well as for leased vehicles. In the case of leasing, the costs mentioned above are added by the vehicles leasing costs. These costs must be forecasted, justified and performed within the approved cost estimates of the customer service expenses.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the theoretical and methodological approaches to the calculation of planned costs for the maintenance of service vehicles of the road works customer.Materials and methods. Dialectical methods of knowledge, such as analysis and synthesis of fleet composition characteristics and approaches to cost planning methods, as well as induction, were used in writing the article to explore some aspects of the process of calculating the planned cost of maintenance of the road works customer's service vehicles.Results. The study highlights and describes the main approaches to the calculation of planned costs for the maintenance of service vehicles of the road works customer. The methodology of calculation of planned costs for the maintenance of service vehicles is explored.Conclusions. The introduction of a clear methodology and analytical toolkit for calculating all necessary expenditure items for the maintenance of the road works customer's vehicles in the cost planning process will establish the implementation of a clear mechanism for calculating the planned costs of maintenance of the road works customer's vehicles. It will also provide an automated information-analytical complex for planning of cost estimates, with information entry and reporting in standard forms and possibility of prompt response to changes in fleet composition, needs for spare parts, repairs or other expenses for the maintenance of service vehicles and making changes in cost estimates.Keywords: motor vehicles, costs, cost planning, customer service, maintenance of service vehicles

scholarly journals Using Artificial Intelligence to classify Jobseekers: The Accuracy-Equity Trade-off

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
SAM DESIERE ◽  
LUDO STRUYVEN
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Employment Services ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Public ◽  
Foreign Origin ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Graphical Tool ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly popular in the public sector to improve the cost-efficiency of service delivery. One example is AI-based profiling models in public employment services (PES), which predict a jobseeker’s probability of finding work and are used to segment jobseekers in groups. Profiling models hold the potential to improve identification of jobseekers at-risk of becoming long-term unemployed, but also induce discrimination. Using a recently developed AI-based profiling model of the Flemish PES, we assess to what extent AI-based profiling ‘discriminates’ against jobseekers of foreign origin compared to traditional rule-based profiling approaches. At a maximum level of accuracy, jobseekers of foreign origin who ultimately find a job are 2.6 times more likely to be misclassified as ‘high-risk’ jobseekers. We argue that it is critical that policymakers and caseworkers understand the inherent trade-offs of profiling models, and consider the limitations when integrating these models in daily operations. We develop a graphical tool to visualize the accuracy-equity trade-off in order to facilitate policy discussions.

scholarly journals OPTIMAL CLIMATE POLICY IN 3D: MITIGATION, CARBON REMOVAL, AND SOLAR GEOENGINEERING

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
MARIIA BELAIA ◽  
JUAN B. MORENO-CRUZ ◽  
DAVID W. KEITH
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Integrated Assessment Model ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Optimal Climate Policy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Far Future

We introduce solar geoengineering (SG) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) into an integrated assessment model to analyze the trade-offs between mitigation, SG, and CDR. We propose a novel empirical parameterization of SG that disentangles its efficacy, calibrated with climate model results, from its direct impacts. We use a simple parameterization of CDR that decouples it from the scale of baseline emissions. We find that (a) SG optimally delays mitigation and lowers the use of CDR, which is distinct from moral hazard; (b) SG is deployed prior to CDR while CDR drives the phasing out of SG in the far future; (c) SG deployment in the short term is relatively independent of discounting and of the long-term trade-off between SG and CDR over time; (d) small amounts of SG sharply reduce the cost of meeting a [Formula: see text]C target and the costs of climate change, even with a conservative calibration for the efficacy of SG.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez ◽  
Pou-Long Kuan ◽  
Po-Hsuan Sung ◽  
Mao-Ting Hsu ◽  
Garett J. P. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mitten Crabs ◽  
Freshwater Acidification ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. Studies indicate that ocean acidification will cause marine life, especially calcifying species, to suffer at the organismal and ecosystem levels. In comparison, freshwater acidification has received less attention rendering its consequences unclear. Here, juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, were used as a calcifying model to investigate the impacts of CO2-mediated freshwater acidification. Our integrative approach investigating changes in the animal's acid-base homeostasis, metabolism, calcification, locomotory behaviour, and survival rate indicate that the crab will face energetic consequences from future freshwater acidification. These energetic trade-offs allow the animal to maintain its acid-base homeostasis at the cost of reduced metabolic activity, exoskeletal calcification, and locomotion reducing the animal's overall fitness and increasing its mortality. Results suggest that present-day calcifying invertebrates could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification similar to their marine organisms and emphasizes the importance in understanding the long-term implications of freshwater acidification on species fitness.

Incorporating harvest–population diversity trade-offs into harvest policy analyses of salmon management in large river basins

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Connors ◽  
Benjamin Staton ◽  
Lewis Coggins ◽  
Carl Walters ◽  
Mike Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Large River ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Equitable Access ◽  
Policy Performance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Harvest Policies

Accounting for population diversity can be critical to the sustainable management of mixed-stock fisheries because harvest rates that can be sustained by productive populations may come at the cost of overfishing less productive ones. While these harvest–diversity trade-offs are well-recognized, their consequences for harvest policy performance are not often explicitly evaluated in contemporary fisheries management. We use closed-loop simulations to evaluate the ability of alternative harvest policies to meet population diversity and fishery objectives for one of the largest subsistence Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fisheries in the world (Kuskokwim River Basin in western Alaska). We found clear evidence of population diversity that resulted in asymmetric trade-offs among fishery and conservation objectives whereby policies that forgo relatively small amounts of harvest result in relatively large increases in equitable access to Chinook and elimination of risk of weak stock extirpation. The performance of alternative harvest policies, and the magnitude of trade-offs, were sensitive to regime shifts and uncertainty in the drivers of recruitment variation. However, we found that harvest policies that prioritized meeting minimum subsistence needs were unlikely to jeopardize long-term sustainability.

scholarly journals Addressing the Location Problem of a Perishables Redistribution Center in the Middle of Europe

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Pérez-Mesa ◽  
M. Mar Serrano-Arcos ◽  
José Felipe Jiménez-Guerrero ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Service Improvement ◽  
Perishable Products ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
Logistics Strategy ◽  
The Cost

This work aims to contribute to the debate on practical utilization of different location models for consolidation, redistribution, and repackaging centers in a supply chain to optimize shipments, thereby reducing food loss and waste, within the framework of quality of customer service improvement. The scenario in question is the creation of a redistribution center for highly perishable products (fruits and vegetables) from southeast Spain—the leading European supplier—for customers throughout Europe. It is estimated that 10% of exports (more than 530,000 metric tons) from this area are returned by customers due to minor defects. These products cannot be reused and are therefore wasted. Regarding the methodology, comparisons were made between the p-median, gravity p-median, and p-center models. Scenarios of change in demand and randomness in distances were also tested. In addition, the modelling used included the cost and time within a multicriteria optimization framework to assess the possibility of a transport mode change. It was observed, for example, that the gravity p-median model proved useful for perishable products and the logistics strategy chosen. Furthermore, the p-median model displayed strong robustness against long-term changes in demand and random distances. In general, it was demonstrated that this strategy would successfully reduce the response time and distance of shipment from the distribution center to the customers and thereby improve sustainability of the service, reducing the waste related to direct shipments. Furthermore, this research also demonstrated the difficulty of using intermodality in this context, mainly due to transit time, which would undoubtedly increase the waste generated.

scholarly journals The infrastructure cost planning model : an integrated solution to cost effective design

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shian Hemraj Saroop
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Cost Planning ◽  
Design Options ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Report ◽  
Effective Design

Infrastructure project costs are being scrutinised more closely and with greater skill and accuracy as projects have become larger, more complex and more expensive, and clients have become more exacting in their requirements. These and other factors compel engineers to design with greater care and in more detail. However, public planners spend very little time generating alternative project options, often presenting decision-makers with only a few poorly differentiated alternatives borrowed ad hoc from other projects. Even more disturbing is that they often devote the greatest amount of decision making resources to the development of a single decision rather than a variety of options. A systematic and iterative analysis of the cost consequences of different design solutions is commonly suggested for infrastructure projects, but rarely happens. There is a growing need to integrate design and costs. This study concentrates on the issue of cost optimisation of infrastructure projects (particularly at the design stage of the project) and applies construction economics, cost planning, cost optimisation and value engineering techniques to the design of such projects. The methodology proposed in this study for the optimisation of cost and design planning is the Infrastructure Cost Planning Model. This model divides the planning of a project into four stages and utilises twelve Cost Report Forms across these stages. The Cost Report Forms define in a comprehensive, precise and verifiable manner the essential characteristics of a deliverable component. They are used to measure, quantify, verify and audit the different design options. By means of the Cost Report Forms, the Infrastructure Cost Planning Model enables the client to select a combination of alternatives and evaluate a number of possible design options – with their cost implications – at each stage of the design process. This i promotes transparency and accountability, and enables consultants and clients to have greater control over the planning process and overall costs. Two case studies on infrastructure related projects were conducted and confirm that the Infrastructure Cost Planning Model can reduce costs. This study demonstrates that it is possible to overcome the problem of over expenditure by introducing cost effective design decisions prior to the infrastructure design approval process. The Infrastructure Cost Planning Model can improve infrastructure standards and procure design in a cost effective, equitable, competitive and transparent manner. This study contributes to the underdeveloped area of cost planning and forecasting of infrastructure projects. The findings are relevant to the South African government's infrastructure service delivery programme and the general issue of affordable infrastructure services.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PROYEK APLIKASI COSTUMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STUDY KASUS XYZ BODYCARE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Irma Suryani ◽  
Fadila Andini ◽  
Ricky Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Customer Relationship Management ◽  
Relationship Management ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Work Breakdown Structure ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
System Project ◽  
Service Building

Aplikasi Customer Relationship Management (CRM) adalah salah satu dari aplikasi Teknologi Informasi yang merupakan aplikasi strategi bisnis untuk memilih dan menjaga customer, dapat mengoptimalkan nilai jangka panjang, dapat menyimpan filosofi customer centric business dan budaya untuk mendukung efektifitas marketing, sales dan proses servis. Membangun aplikasi Customer Relationship Management (CRM) yang baik harus mengikuti prosedur proyek yang benar yaitu didahului dengan pembuatan proposal untuk menguraikan semua keperluan yang akan diimplementasikan pada pembuatan aplikasi dimaksud. Pada penulisan ini penulis meyusun proposal Aplikasi Customer Relationship Management untuk Xyz BodyCare yang diuraikan secara rinci tentang Ruang lingkup aplikasi yang akan dibangun (Scope), fungsi-fungsi yang akan dibuat yang digambarkan dengan Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), jadwal pelaksanaan , sumber daya , rencana biaya , analisis risiko dan bentuk perubahan manajemen bila aplikasi tersebut siap dioperasikan. Proposal ini diharapkan mampu memberikan masukan untuk membangun aplikasi Customer Relationship Management (CRM) tersebut dan akan diusulkan pada Xyz BodyCare untuk dapat dipakai dan diterapkan. Kata kunci: Analisa Proyek Sistem; Customer Relationship Management; CRM; Sistem Informasi; Xyz BodyCare Abstract: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Application is one of the application in IT wich is as the bussiness strategy to choose and keep customer, and it can optimize long Term value, it can save the philosopy of customer centric bussiness and culture to support the effectivity of marketing , sales and the process of customer service. Building the good aplication of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) should follow the right procedure project, which preceded by making the proposal to devide all stuffs that implemented and connected to the process of making the aplication. In this text writer arrange the proposal of application in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for Xyz BodyCare which devided in detail about the scope of the application that built. The funtions that will be created described by the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), the schedule, the source, the cost, the analysis of the risk, and the form of management change when the application is ready to operate.This proposal expected to be able to provide input to built the application of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and will be prosposed to Xyz BodyCare to be used amd applied. Keywords: System Project Analysis; Customer Relationship Management; CRM; Sistem Informasi; Xyz BodyCare

Primary varicose veins

Phlebologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
H. Partsch
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Compression Therapy ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Primary Varicose Veins ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Convincing Data ◽  
Long Term Studies

SummaryBackground: Compression stockings are widely used in patients with varicose veins. Methods: Based on published literature three main points are discussed: 1. the rationale of compression therapy in primary varicose veins, 2. the prescription of compression stockings in daily practice, 3. studies required in the future. Results: The main objective of prescribing compression stockings for patients with varicose veins is to improve subjective leg complaints and to prevent swelling after sitting and standing. No convincing data are available concerning prevention of progression or of complications. In daily practice varicose veins are the most common indication to prescribe compression stockings. The compliance depends on the severity of the disorder and is rather poor in less severe stages. Long-term studies are needed to proof the cost-effectiveness of compression stockings concerning subjective symptoms and objective signs of varicose veins adjusted to their clinical severity. Conclusion: Compression stockings in primary varicose veins are able to improve leg complaints and to prevent swelling.

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