Optimisation of the use of nitrogen in the treated wastewater reused for irrigation

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Papadopoulos ◽  
S. Savvides
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
High Yields

Application of recycled water to agricultural land for irrigation could be an alternative water resource for Mediterranean countries facing severe water shortage. Rational use of the nutrients in recycled water could increase crop production and reduce environmental pollution. This study was designed to investigate the effect of treated wastewater and N applied on the yield of three field crops. Three experiments with green pepper, eggplants and sudax, irrigated with borehole water or with secondary treated municipal wastewater, were carried out in a field experiment. Both waters were supplemented with N applied continuously with the irrigation water at four levels 0 g/m3, 50 g/m3, 100 g/m3 and 150 g/m3. Yield results indicate the superiority of the treated wastewater and its ability to produce high yields with less N fertilizers.

Current status of water reuse systems in Korea

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Noh ◽  
I. Kwon ◽  
H.-M. Yang ◽  
H.-L. Choi ◽  
H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Recycling Systems

In Korea, the current water resources will fall short by 2.6 billion tons to meet the 38 billion ton water demand in the year 2020. To overcome the future water shortage, it is desirable to minimize water consumption and to reuse treated wastewater. There are a total of 99 on-site water-recycling systems in the country. The potential capacity of the 99 systems is 429 thousands tons/day, which is 3.6% of the total service water. Compared to other industrialized countries, the number of the water recycling systems in Korea is extremely small. This is mainly due to the following reasons. First, in Korea, any building with more than 60,000 m2 of total floor space is required to install a water reuse system by law. However, only less than 0.5% of the total buildings have more than 10,000 m2. Therefore, the regulation is ineffective and merely nominal. Second, service water is supplied at low charge (0.20 US-dollar/m3 water). The inexpensive service water often discourages people to recycle treated wastewater. Third, people still think recycled water is not clean enough and can cause diseases. Therefore, they should be informed that a well-maintained recycling system does not fail to produce water with high quality.

Analysis of treated wastewater reuse potential for irrigation in Sicily

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2024-2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Barbagallo ◽  
Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli ◽  
Simona Consoli ◽  
Feliciana Licciardello ◽  
Alessia Marzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The Right

In Mediterranean countries, water shortage is becoming a problem of high concern affecting the local economy, mostly based on agriculture. The problem is not only the scarcity of water in terms of average per capita, but the high cost to make water available at the right place, at the right time with the required quality. In these cases, an integrated approach for water resources management including wastewater is required. The management should also include treated wastewater (TWW) reclamation and reuse, especially for agricultural irrigation. In Italy, TWW reuse is regulated by a quite restrictive approach (Ministry Decree, M.D. 185/03), especially for some chemical compounds and microbiological parameters. The aim of the paper is the evaluation of TWW reuse potential in Sicily. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was built at regional level to quantify and locate the available TWW volumes. In particular, the characteristics of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were integrated, through the GIS, with data on irrigation district areas. Moreover, in order to evaluate the Italian approach for reuse practice in agriculture, the water quality of different TWW effluents was analysed on the basis of both the Italian standards and the WHO guidelines.

scholarly journals Wastewater reuse for irrigation and seawater intrusion: evaluation of salinity effects on soils in Cyprus

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kathijotes ◽  
Charalambos Panayiotou
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Soil Resources

Climate change and the continuous population growth increase the demand for water, which in arid and semiarid regions, like the Mediterranean, is considered a limited resource. Future demands will not be met by traditional water resources like surface and groundwater. In order to handle increased water demand, the treated wastewater originating from municipal wastewater treatment plants is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. Over pumping of fresh groundwater creates seawater intrusion that causes various problems, besides others, to the quality of recycled water used for agricultural purposes. The effects on soils irrigated with saline water are investigated. Actual investigations were carried out in land irrigated with salinity-affected wastewater and non-irrigated land nearby. Soil profile analyses are demonstrated and compared, showing very interesting results and adverse effects on soil resources. Irrigation with saline waters even at slightly above recommended values can have severe effects on soil resources. Various remediation scenarios for preventing seawater intrusion, as well for mitigation or control of soil salinity problems, are also suggested in this study. This case study was carried in the Larnaca district in Cyprus.

scholarly journals The status of freshwater and reused treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilmi S. Salem ◽  
Yohannes Yihdego ◽  
Hadi Hamaaziz Muhammed
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

Abstract Global freshwater scarcity is imposing the demand for using non-conventional water resources for irrigation and non-irrigation purposes. Direct reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is a widespread practice in arid and semi-arid regions, because of water shortage and scarcity. Water scarcity and the need for ecological sustainability have led to the introduction of treated wastewater as an additional water resource in the national water resources' management plans of Mediterranean countries. The use of wastewater for irrigation is an important tool for water resources' supplement. However, the reuse of effluent in irrigation can have negative impacts on crop quality and soil conditions, as well as on public health and the environment. Furthermore, inappropriate management of agricultural irrigation with treated wastewater can also pose problems for plant production and the physical and chemical properties of soils. This paper presents some approaches to understand the impacts of reusing treated wastewater. It also presents a critical analysis of the treated wastewater's reuse for irrigation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), while shedding light on the water status in the OPT. The paper investigates the wastewater treatment and reuse for agricultural irrigation, especially in the lack of control of Palestinians on their own freshwater resources in the OPT.

APPLICATION OF MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION FOR REUSING TREATED WASTEWATER; AS A SOLUTION TO EASE IRAN’S WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 3662-3668
Author(s):  
Leila Babaei ◽  
A. Torabian ◽  
B. Aminzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Allowable Level ◽  
Ozone Injection

Water shortage is a big problem in the Middle East. This paper investigates the possibility of reusing municipal wastewater by membrane filtration for non-potable consumption. The wastewater used for tests in this study was secondary effluent discharged from the secondary sedimentation pond of Ekbatan wastewater treatment plant in Tehran. These tests on reusing wastewater involved four main processes. Results showed that the best process was that ozone injection before MF and UF with COD removal efficiency of approximately 78 percent. In this case, removal efficiency of turbidity and TSS were 100 percent; additionally, traces of total and fecal Coliforms were completely removed. In the membrane processes, removal efficiency of TKN was about 40 percent. The removal efficiency of TP in all processes was about 7 percent, while it increased to 14 percent in the hybrid treatment. It can be concluded that all of further purification processes failed to achieve total phosphorus (TP) standards and thus in order to eliminate TP and reach allowable level, further researches are needed.<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Color

scholarly journals Perspective on Land Treatment and Wastewater Reuse for Agriculture in the Western United States

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Ron Crites ◽  
Robert Beggs ◽  
Harold Leverenz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Recycled Water

The practice of irrigation with municipal wastewater has evolved from avoidance of surface water pollution to beneficial reuse of water and nutrients for crop production. The ability of the soil to filter out pollutants and pathogens has been documented, such that groundwater quality is not degraded where recycled water to irrigate crops used for human consumption. The example of successful practice of the Castroville project in Monterey County, California illustrates safe reuse of recycled water for crop growth, marketing of crops grown into the fresh produce market, and groundwater protection. Impediments to the future more widespread reuse of recycled water for agricultural irrigation are also discussed. Many of the same technological advancements that have supported the development of modern agricultural water reuse projects have also improved the feasibility of various competing urban water reuse applications. The effects from increasing water scarcity has also had an impact on the quality and quantity of water available for agricultural water reuse projects. The historical practice of developing centralized and regional wastewater treatment facilities near a suitable surface water discharge location may need to be modified for better consideration of agricultural irrigation in integrated water resources planning.

scholarly journals 492 Health Aspect of Using Recycled Treated Wastewater in Crop Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 479B-479
Author(s):  
S. Al-Ghawas ◽  
K. Al-Mazeedi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Treated Effluent

Treated wastewater will play important role in the implementation of Kuwait National Agriculture Development Plan. As a substitute for brackish or fresh water in irrigation, treated municipal wastewater can be a practical solution. Nevertheless, special health and environmental considerations should be carefully assessed when using this water source. These considerations include potential infection with human pathogens, effects of heavy metals on the public health, and the ecological consequence on soil and water resources at large. These topics were investigated under controlled environment using a range of crops and two types of irrigation water: a tertiary treated wastewater source and fresh tap water as a control. Soil, water, and plant samples were collected at fixed intervals and were analyzed for total viable count; total Coliforms; faecal Coliforms; and faecal Streptococc, Salmonellae, Shigella, Ascaris imbricoides and pathogenic viruses. In addition, we measured for nine heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, and Pb). Soil salinity and build-up of sodicity in soil and ground water sources also were investigated for any changes that could indicate a potential long-term degradation effect. The results after 3 years of study indicate that the generated tertiary treated wastewater is of high quality. Its potential pathogenic content is below the guidelines recommended by WHO for using wastewater in mixed agriculture, and therefore, it had no accumulative effect on the irrigated soil or the different parts of plant tissues that were analyzed. However, treated effluent have occasionally exhibited pathogenic index higher than permitted levels reflecting the fluctuating nature of wastewater treatment. Heavy metals content of irrigation water and from the irrigated soils were negligible, and the plant tissues that were analyzed contained metallic contents below the established range in IPE. The treated water had low TDS but high sodium content with 25–35 SAR values; however, the effect on the irrigated soil was insignificant due to the calcareous nature of the soil used. This study used drip irrigation system and under similar conditions no health problems will be expected when using tertiary treated wastewater for irrigation. To minimize potential risk to the consumers, specific guidelines are recommended on the type of crops to grow and the horticulture practices to be used.

scholarly journals The reuse of municipal wastewater in soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-486 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Human Use

<div> <p>The idea of wastewater application on soils, returned to Western Hemisphere during 1950-60. Modern living requires an increased per capita use of water for coverage of individual needs. Nowadays, two main principles related to water management seem to gain the attention of both the scientific communities and the stakeholders: 1.water saving in irrigation of agricultural crops without the reduction of food production, and 2. water saving during human use and industrial activity can only be promoted through water recycling. The increasing water demands at the level of Mediterranean countries are continuously intensified, because of the influence of a number of factors such as agricultural use and industrial consumption. The reuse of municipal wastewater in Mediterranean countries is now considered a useful practice. Countries such as Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Spain, France, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Greece, reuse the treated wastewater to a greater or a lesser extent in agriculture.&nbsp; There are several advantages and disadvantages in the proposed practice.&nbsp; However, existing technologies can help overcome such problems as for example the degradation and thus, the removal of pharmaceutical and xenobiotic compounds. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Water Crisis in Pakistan: A Dynamic CGE-Water Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeshan ◽  
Muhammad Shakeel
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Near Future

Abstract The demand for freshwater is growing rapidly in Pakistan due to rising agricultural cultivation and its intensification. In addition, the fast growing population in the country (almost 2% per annum) and industrial growth are also adding to the rising water demand in the country. Pakistan is expected to face severe water shortage in near future if suitable policy measures are not taken. Around 95% of the freshwater is used by agriculture in Pakistan while the rest is used by the industry and the private households. Therefore, this paper primarily focuses on the irrigation water and how its shortage is going to affect the economic structure of Pakistan. The irrigation water shortage is expected to increase the price of agricultural land temporarily while a permanent increase is expected in the market price of irrigation water. The irrigation water shortage has a direct and an indirect impact on the production of various crops, which ends up in reducing the crop production. Overall, the resulting GDP losses might reach around 3.11–11.07% till 2040 under different water shortage scenarios. Finally, our simulation results show that the welfare losses are expected to be around USD 3.5to 10.9 billion till 2030.

Modelling of bacterial removal in wastewater storage reservoir for irrigation purposes: a case study in Sicily, Italy

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barbagallo ◽  
F. Brissaud ◽  
G.L. Cirelli ◽  
S. Consoli ◽  
P. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Storage Reservoirs

In arid and semiarid regions the reclamation and reuse of municipal wastewater can play a strategic role in alleviating water resources shortages. Public awareness is growing about the need to recycle and reuse water for increasing supply availability. Many wastewater reuse projects have been put in operation in European and Mediterranean countries adopting extensive treatment systems such as aquifer recharge, lagooning, constructed wetlands, and storage reservoirs, mainly for landscape and agricultural irrigation. In agricultural reuse systems, there is an increasing interest in extensive technologies because of their high reliability, and easy and low cost operation and maintenance. Wastewater storage reservoirs have become the option selected in many countries because of the advantages they present in comparison with other treatment alternatives, namely the coupling of two purposes, stabilization and seasonal regulation. This paper describes an example of a wastewater storage system, built in Caltagirone (Sicily, Italy). The storage results in a tertiary treatment of a continuous inlet flow of activated sludge effluents. The prediction of the microbiological water quality has been evaluated by means of a non-steady-state first-order kinetic model. Single and multiple regressions were applied to determine the main variables that most significantly affected die-off coefficients. The proposed model has been calibrated using the results of a field monitoring carried out during a period from March to October 2000.

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