Wastewater recycling and reuse in the Near East Region: experience and issues

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bazza
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Salt Intrusion ◽  
East Region ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Groundwater Aquifers ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Recycling

Wastewater in most countries of the Near East Region (NER) is being more and more recognized as of vital importance to be treated and made safe for reuse. It contributes considerably to the water budget in several countries, particularly those suffering from water scarcity. Treated wastewater is used directly in irrigation of farms or landscape green areas. Limited indirect use includes recharge of groundwater aquifers to control over-draft and salt intrusion in coastal areas. A large share of wastewater is still not treated and part of it is used in an uncontrolled manner, including for the production of uncooked food crops the consumption of which poses health risks. Expansion of treated wastewater reuse in the region is linked to a number of issues and constraints. The high cost of treatment and management of reclaimed wastewater is one of the major limitations facing the week economy of most countries. Unclear polices, institutional conflicts and lack of regulatory frameworks constitute other important constraints that hinder implementation and proper operation of wastewater reuse projects. The manpower capacity is at varying levels between countries, but additional training and capacity strengthening are generally needed throughout the region. This paper gives an overview of the existing practices of wastewater reuse in the NER and of the constraints facing it. It concludes with recommendations and policy options that are likely to lift these constraints and to make a better use of the wastewater potential.

Estrogen-like and dioxin-like organic contaminants in reclaimed wastewater: transfer to irrigated soil and groundwater

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1657-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mahjoub ◽  
A. Escande ◽  
D. Rosain ◽  
C. Casellas ◽  
E. Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Estradiol Equivalent ◽  
Irrigated Soils

In semi-arid regions, treated wastewater reuse for irrigation is a common practice since wastewater is considered as a non negligible water resource in these areas. However, treated wastewater contains traces of organic compounds which may contaminate the receiving environment i.e. soil and groundwater. Some of these organic compounds have the ability to bind to estrogen receptor (ER) or dioxin receptor (AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor). The fate of these compounds in effluent reused for irrigation, irrigated soils and groundwater is not well addressed yet. In the present study, estrogenic and dioxin-like activities were studied in three media: i) effluents reused for irrigation, ii) soils samples collected from the reclaimed water irrigated plot during six month irrigation, and iii) groundwater sampled before and after irrigation periods. Effluents reused for irrigation exhibited ER and AhR activities at 38.5±9.9 ng estradiol-equivalent/L (ng E2-EQ/L) and 113.3±27.7 ng dioxin-equivalent/L (ng TCDD-EQ/L), respectively. Soils showed ER activity (0.05 ng E2-EQ/g) only after 4 months of irrigation. AhR activities detected in all soil samples have not changed during irrigation. In groundwater, ER activities were detected in two piezometers indicating transfer of some estrogenic compounds.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

scholarly journals Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-254
Author(s):  
Edward R. Jones ◽  
Michelle T. H. van Vliet ◽  
Manzoor Qadir ◽  
Marc F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Global Population

Abstract. Continually improving and affordable wastewater management provides opportunities for both pollution reduction and clean water supply augmentation, while simultaneously promoting sustainable development and supporting the transition to a circular economy. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive and consistent global outlook on the state of domestic and manufacturing wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. We use a data-driven approach, collating, cross-examining and standardising country-level wastewater data from online data resources. Where unavailable, data are estimated using multiple linear regression. Country-level wastewater data are subsequently downscaled and validated at 5 arcmin (∼10 km) resolution. This study estimates global wastewater production at 359.4×109 m3 yr−1, of which 63 % (225.6×109 m3 yr−1) is collected and 52 % (188.1×109 m3 yr−1) is treated. By extension, we estimate that 48 % of global wastewater production is released to the environment untreated, which is substantially lower than previous estimates of ∼80 %. An estimated 40.7×109 m3 yr−1 of treated wastewater is intentionally reused. Substantial differences in per capita wastewater production, collection and treatment are observed across different geographic regions and by level of economic development. For example, just over 16 % of the global population in high-income countries produces 41 % of global wastewater. Treated-wastewater reuse is particularly substantial in the Middle East and North Africa (15 %) and western Europe (16 %), while comprising just 5.8 % and 5.7 % of the global population, respectively. Our database serves as a reference for understanding the global wastewater status and for identifying hotspots where untreated wastewater is released to the environment, which are found particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Importantly, our results also serve as a baseline for evaluating progress towards many policy goals that are both directly and indirectly connected to wastewater management. Our spatially explicit results available at 5 arcmin resolution are well suited for supporting more detailed hydrological analyses such as water quality modelling and large-scale water resource assessments and can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.918731 (Jones et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Estimation of water quality by UV/Vis spectrometry in the framework of treated wastewater reuse

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwan Carré ◽  
Jean Pérot ◽  
Vincent Jauzein ◽  
Liming Lin ◽  
Miguel Lopez-Ferber
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrometry as a complementary method for routine monitoring of reclaimed water production. Robustness of the models and compliance of their sensitivity with current quality limits are investigated. The following indicators are studied: total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrate. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) is used to find linear correlations between absorbances and indicators of interest. Artificial samples are made by simulating a sludge leak on the wastewater treatment plant and added to the original dataset, then divided into calibration and prediction datasets. The models are built on the calibration set, and then tested on the prediction set. The best models are developed with: PLSR for COD (Rpred2 = 0.80), TSS (Rpred2 = 0.86) and turbidity (Rpred2 = 0.96), and with a simple linear regression from absorbance at 208 nm (Rpred2 = 0.95) for nitrate concentration. The input of artificial data significantly enhances the robustness of the models. The sensitivity of the UV/Vis spectrometry monitoring system developed is compatible with quality requirements of reclaimed water production processes.

Evaluation of phytotoxicity of effluents from activated sludge and constructed wetland system for wastewater reuse

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Leiva ◽  
Adrián Albarrán ◽  
Daniela López ◽  
Gladys Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Epicotyl Elongation ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Seeds Germination

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of wastewater treated with horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) and activated sludge (AS) system using disinfection treatment such chlorination and ultraviolet (UV) system. To assess the impact of the reuse of different effluents (HSSF-Cl, HSSF-UV, AS-Cl and AS-UV), bioassays using seeds of Raphanus sativus (R. sativus) and Triticum aestivum (T. aestivum), were performed on both Petri dishes and soil. Different treated wastewater concentrations were varied (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) and the percentage of germination inhibition (PGI), percentage of epicotyl elongation (PEE) and germination index (GI) were determined. Positive effects (PGI and PEE <0% and GI >80%) of HSSF-Cl, HSSF-UV, AS-Cl and AS-UV effluents on germination and epicotyl elongation of R. sativus and T. aestivum were observed in Petri dishes bioassays. However, toxic effects of HSSF-Cl, HSSF-UV and AS-Cl on seeds germination and epicotyl elongation of both plant species were detected in soil samples (PGI and PEE >0% and GI <80%). Only R. sativus seeds to be irrigated with AS-UV achieved GI values above 86% for all concentrations evaluated. These results indicated that AS-UV effluent had a positive effect on seeds germination and can be recommended for treated wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation.

Application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Support Tool in Assessing the Feasibility of Implementing Treated Wastewater Reuse

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Adewumi ◽  
A.A. Ilemobade ◽  
J.E. van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Feasibility Assessment ◽  
Quality Costs ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
User Friendly

Wastewater reuse is increasingly becoming an important component of water resources management in many countries. Planning of a sustainable wastewater reuse project involves multi-criteria that incorporate technical, economic, environmental and social attributes. These attributes of sustainability is the framework upon which the decision support tool presented in this paper is developed. The developed tool employs a user friendly environment that guides the decision makers in assessing the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse. The input data into the tool are easily obtainable while the output is comprehensive enough for a feasibility assessment of treated wastewater reuse. The output is expressed in terms of effluent quality, costs, quantitative treatment scores and perception evaluation. Testing of the developed multi-criteria decision support tool using Parow wastewater treatment works in Cape Town showed the tool to be versatile and capable of providing a good assessment of both qualitative and quantitative criteria in the selection of treatment trains to meet various non-potable reuses. The perception module provided a quick assessment of potential user’s concerns on reuse and service providers’ capacity.

Plant Nutrition Aspects under Treated Wastewater Reuse Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis K. Kalavrouziotis ◽  
Prodromos H. Koukoulakis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse
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