Production of high quality water for reuse purposes: the West Basin experience

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lazarova ◽  
P. Sheilds ◽  
B. Levine ◽  
P. Savoye ◽  
D. Hranisavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
The West ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Lime Pretreatment ◽  
Trace Organics ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
West Basin

Water reuse is becoming an essential factor for developing sound water and environment managaement policies, The main challenge for the operators of water reuse facilities is to increase the cost-efficiency and reliability of water reuse systems. To achieve this objective, an R&D program has been implemented at the West Basin Recycling Plant in California to study the removal of trace organics by advanced treatment (UV disinfection, membrane filtration). The pilot studies demonstrated the efficiency of two UV systems for final disinfection and in particular its high performance for the MF/RO effluent at low UV doses. UV appears as a cost competitive alternative to chlorination; it prevents the generation of toxic chlorinated by-products and reduces the salt content. It was demonstrated that microfiltration, as a replacement of conventional lime pretreatment for reverse osmosis, also offers numerous advantages. Despite the improved removal of trace organics, the membrane pretreatment before RO leads to a saving of 45% of life costs.

Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulhakeem Ali Alturki ◽  
Nichanan Tadkaew ◽  
James A. McDonald ◽  
Stuart J. Khan ◽  
William E. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Trace Organics ◽  
Ro Membrane

Salt content of reclaimed water from sanitation facilities in informal settlements and management options for sustainable agricultural irrigation

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
K. Müller ◽  
P. Cornel
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Urine Separation ◽  
Per Capita

For long-term sustainable irrigation of agricultural areas, salt accumulation on the fields needs to be controlled. In areas where rainfall is high at least during some time of the year, infiltrating water is usually sufficient to leach salts from the soil. In arid and semi-arid regions, rainfall might be too scarce, and additional measures for the removal of salts from the root zone are necessary. This paper presents data on water quantities, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) from a research project with agricultural water reuse in North Namibia and discusses options for salinity management. During planning, TDS were quantified using literature data. After implementation, quantities, EC, and TDS of tap water and reclaimed water were monitored. Mean water consumption is 61–64 L per capita equivalent and day. TDS loads are about 20–21 g/(capita equivalent × d) and thus lower than reported in literature. TDS loads in the water can be reduced by measures such as urine separation or reverse osmosis membrane filtration. However, accumulation on the field is still considerable in the long term. Salt uptake in crops is only substantial to the salt balance if TDS contents of the irrigation water are relatively low. Therefore, in the majority of cases, regular drainage and leaching of the fields are necessary. The per capita TDS loads and water quantities presented in this work are specific results collected from the facilities implemented in this project. They can serve as a basis for estimating water quantities and excreta loads for similarly managed sanitation facilities.

scholarly journals High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Buprenorphine Evaluation in Plasma—Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rabbits

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Marta Tikhomirov ◽  
Błażej Poźniak ◽  
Tomasz Śniegocki
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Analytical Protocol ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Cost Efficient

The precise and reliable determination of buprenorphine concentration is fundamental in certain medical or research applications, particularly in pharmacokinetic studies of this opioid. The main challenge is, however, the development of an analytical method that is sensitive enough, as the detected in vivo concentrations often fall in very low ranges. Thus, in this study we aimed at developing a sensitive, repeatable, cost-efficient, and easy HPLC analytical protocol for buprenorphine in rabbit plasma. In order to obtain this, the HPLC-MS2 system was used to elaborate and validate the method for samples purified with liquid-liquid extraction. Fragment ions 468.6→396.2 and 468.6→414.2 were monitored, and the method resulted in a high repeatability and reproducibility and a limit of quantification of 0.25 µg/L with a recovery of 98.7–109.0%. The method was linear in a range of 0.25–2000 µg/L. The suitability of the analytical procedure was tested in rabbits in a pilot pharmacokinetic study, and it was revealed that the method was suitable for comprehensively describing the pharmacokinetic profile after buprenorphine intravenous administration at a dose of 300 µg/kg. Thus, the method suitability for pharmacokinetic application was confirmed by both the good validation results of the method and successful in vivo tests in rabbits.

scholarly journals Investigating Lignin-Derived Monomers and Oligomers in Low-Molecular-Weight Fractions Separated from Depolymerized Black Liquor Retentate by Membrane Filtration

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2887
Author(s):  
Kena Li ◽  
Jens Prothmann ◽  
Margareta Sandahl ◽  
Sara Blomberg ◽  
Charlotta Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Complexity

Base-catalyzed depolymerization of black liquor retentate (BLR) from the kraft pulping process, followed by ultrafiltration, has been suggested as a means of obtaining low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds. The chemical complexity of BLR, which consists of a mixture of softwood and hardwood lignin that has undergone several kinds of treatment, leads to a complex mixture of LMW compounds, making the separation of components for the formation of value-added chemicals more difficult. Identifying the phenolic compounds in the LMW fractions obtained under different depolymerization conditions is essential for the upgrading process. In this study, a state-of-the-art nontargeted analysis method using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/HRMSn) combined with a Kendrick mass defect-based classification model was applied to analyze the monomers and oligomers in the LMW fractions separated from BLR samples depolymerized at 170–210 °C. The most common phenolic compound types were dimers, followed by monomers. A second round of depolymerization yielded low amounts of monomers and dimers, while a high number of trimers were formed, thought to be the result of repolymerization.

Concentration and Desalination of Protein Derived from Tuna Cooking Juice by Nanofiltration

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammadameen Hajihama ◽  
Wirote Youravong
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Additional Process ◽  
Canning Industry

Tuna cooking juice is a co-product of tuna canning industry. It riches in protein, currently used for production of feed meal as well as protein hydrolysate. The finish products are usually in the form of concentrate, produced by evaporation process. However, evaporation is energy consumable process and the salt content level of the concentrate is often over the standard, thus required additional process for lowering salt content e.g. crystallization. The use of membrane technology, therefore, is of interest, since it required less energy and footprint compared with evaporation and is also able to reduce salt content of the concentrate. The aim of this study were to employ and select the membrane filtration process, and optimize the operating condition for protein concentration and desalination of tuna cooking juice. The results indicated that nanofiltration (NF) was more suitable than the ultrafiltration (UF) process, regarding the ability in protein recovery and desalination. The NF performance was evaluated in terms of permeation flux and protein and salt retentions. The protein and salt rejections of NF were 96 % and 5 %, respectively. The permeate flux(J) increased as transmembrane pressure (TMP) or cross flow rate (CFR) increased and the highest flux was obtained at TMP of 10 bar and CFR of 800 L/h. Operating with batch mode, the permeate flux was found to decrease as protein concentration increased, and at volume concentration factor about 4, the protein concentration  about 10% while salt removal was aproximately 70 % of the initial value. This work clearly showed that NF was successfully employed for concentration and desalination of protein derived from tuna cooking juice.

scholarly journals Stability of extemporaneously prepared preservative-free methylphenidate 5 mg/mL intravenous solution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E Barra ◽  
Brian L Edlow ◽  
James T. Lund ◽  
Katherine S DeSanctis ◽  
John Vetrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Intravenous Solution ◽  
Photometric Technique ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
Experimental Use ◽  
Preservative Free

Abstract Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles , AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose To advance the implementation of consciousness-promoting therapies in patients with acute disorders of consciousness, the availability of potential therapeutic agents in formulations suitable for administration in hospitalized patients in the presence of complex comorbid conditions is paramount. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term stability of extemporaneously prepared preservative-free methylphenidate hydrochloride (HCl) 5 mg/mL intravenous solution for experimental use. Methods A methylphenidate 5 mg/mL solution was prepared under proper aseptic techniques with Methylphenidate Hydrochloride, USP, powder mixed in sterile water for solution. Methylphenidate HCl 5 mg/mL solution was sterilized by filtration technique under USP <797>–compliant conditions. Samples were stored refrigerated (2-8°C) and analyzed at approximately days 1, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365. At each time point, chemical and physical stability were evaluated by visual inspection, pH measurement, membrane filtration procedure, turbidometric or photometric technique, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Results Over the 1-year study period, the samples retained 96.76% to 102.04% of the initial methylphenidate concentration. There was no significant change in the visual appearance, pH level, or particulate matter during the study period. The sterility of samples was maintained and endotoxin levels were undetectable throughout the 1-year stability period. Conclusion Extemporaneously prepared preservative-free methylphenidate 5 mg/mL intravenous solution was physically and chemically stable at 32, 61, 95, 186, and 365 days when stored in amber glass vials at refrigerated temperatures (2-8°C).

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Inverse Design Method for Hydraulic Machinery

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3210
Author(s):  
Wei Yang ◽  
Benqing Liu ◽  
Ruofu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inverse Design ◽  
Blade Loading ◽  
Hydraulic Machinery ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Blade Shape ◽  
Stacking Condition ◽  
Inverse Design Method

Hydraulic machinery with high performance is of great significance for energy saving. Its design is a very challenging job for designers, and the inverse design method is a competitive way to do the job. The three-dimensional inverse design method and its applications to hydraulic machinery are herein reviewed. The flow is calculated based on potential flow theory, and the blade shape is calculated based on flow-tangency condition according to the calculated flow velocity. We also explain flow control theory by suppression of secondary flow and cavitation based on careful tailoring of the blade loading distribution and stacking condition in the inverse design of hydraulic machinery. Suggestions about the main challenge and future prospective of the inverse design method are given.

scholarly journals Silicon and oxygen synergistic effects for the discovery of new high-performance nonfullerene acceptors

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Qin ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Jia Yao ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Yongjoon Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Electronics ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Photovoltaic Materials ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Fused Ring ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
Synthesis Routes

AbstractIn organic electronics, an aromatic fused ring is a basic unit that provides π-electrons to construct semiconductors and governs the device performance. The main challenge in developing new π-skeletons for tuning the material properties is the limitation of the available chemical approach. Herein, we successfully synthesize two pentacyclic siloxy-bridged π-conjugated isomers to investigate the synergistic effects of Si and O atoms on the geometric and electronic influence of π-units in organic electronics. Notably, the synthesis routes for both isomers possess several advantages over the previous approaches for delivering conventional aromatic fused-rings, such as environmentally benign tin-free synthesis and few synthetic steps. To explore their potential application as photovoltaic materials, two isomeric acceptor–donor–acceptor type acceptors based on these two isomers were developed, showing a decent device efficiency of 10%, which indicates the great potential of this SiO-bridged ladder-type unit for the development of new high-performance semiconductor materials.

scholarly journals Recycling of Reverse Osmosis Concentrates to the Membrane Bioreactor in the MBR-RO Process for Water Reuse: effect on mbr performances

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Thu Nga Vu ◽  
Manon Montaner ◽  
Christelle Guigui
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Ro Concentrate ◽  
The Impact

Wastewater effluents can be treated by an integrated membrane system combining membrane bioreactor (MBR) and reverse osmosis (RO) for effective removal of micropollutants in the field of high-quality water reuse. However, discharging the RO concentrate waste stream directly into the natural environment could lead to serious problems due to the toxic components contained in the concentrates (micropollutants, salts, organic matter). A possible solution could be the recirculation of RO concentrate waste to the MBR. However, such an operation should be studied in detail since the recirculation of non-biodegradable organic matter or high concentrations of salts and micropollutants could directly or indirectly contribute to MBR membrane fouling and modification of the biodegradation activity. In this context, the work reported here focused on the recirculation of such concentrates in an MBR, paying specific attention to MBR membrane fouling. Lab-scale experiments were performed on a continuous MBR-RO treatment line with RO concentrate recirculation. The main goal was to determine the recovery of the RO unit and of the global process that maintained good process performance in terms of biodegradation and MBR fouling. The results demonstrate that the impact of the toxic flow on activated sludge depends on the recovery of the RO step but the same trends were observed regardless of the organic matter and salt contents of the concentrates: the concentration of proteins increased slightly. Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-SEC) was employed to study the effects of RO concentrate on the production of protein-like soluble microbial products (SMPs) and demonstrated a significant peak of protein-like substances corresponding to 10-100 kDa and 100-1 000 kDa molecules in the supernatant. Thus a significant increase in the propensity for sludge fouling was observed, which could be attributed to the increased quantity of protein-like substances. Finally, the effect of the concentrate on sludge activity was studied and no significant effect was observed on biodegradation, indicating that the return of the concentrate to the MBR could be a good alternative.

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