Studies on mutagenicity and disinfection by-products in river drinking water disinfected with peracetic acid or sodium hypochlorite

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Monarca ◽  
D. Feretti ◽  
I. Zerbini ◽  
C. Zani ◽  
A. Alberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Mutagenic Activity ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
River Waters ◽  
By Products

The aim of this research was to study at a pilot plant the influence of peracetic acid (PAA) on the formation of mutagenic compounds in river waters used for human consumption. The results obtained using PAA were compared to those for the most commonly used disinfectant, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). Ames test and three genotoxicity plant tests, Allium tests and Tradescantia/micronuclei (TRAD/MCN) test, were used to evaluate the mutagenic activity of disinfected water samples. Chemical analysis, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was also performed to identify disinfection by-products (DBPs). A slight bacterial mutagenicity was found in raw river water and similar activity was detected in disinfected water samples. Plant tests gave genotoxicity only for raw river water. DBPs identified in PAA-treated water included carboxylic acids, a few non-halogenated alcohols and carbonyl-containing compounds, whereas some potentially mutagenic halogenated by-products were found in NaClO-treated samples. Although PAA appears to be promising for water potabilization, these results must be confirmed with different source waters and with higher concentrations of PAA.

Detection and origin of 3-chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)furanone (MX) in river water

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kinae ◽  
J. Tanaka ◽  
N. Kamio ◽  
C. Sugiyama ◽  
M. Furugori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Mutagenic Activity ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Contribution Ratio ◽  
Reaction Solution

An isolation experiment of MX, a potent mutagen and promoter in drinking water, from river water contaminated with industrial and domestic sewage was carried out. The presence of MX was demonstrated by GC-MS-SIM method. The contribution ratio of MX to the total mutagenic activity of river water was 5–30%. To elucidate the origin of MX, several chemicals contained in domestic sewage were treated with sodium hypochlorite. From each reaction solution of catechin mixture, catechin and diosmin, MX was isolated and identified. These contribution ratios to the total mutagenicity of each reaction mixture were 36.3%, 95.5% and 4.3%, respectively. The results suggest that domestic sewage is a new origin of MX.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes distribution in river water in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Mahmoudi ◽  
E. Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad ◽  
B. Kazemi ◽  
A. Haghighi ◽  
A. Mirzaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Little is known about the diversity and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species in river waters in Iran. In the present study, we determined the genotype and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in river water samples in Iran. A total of 49 surface water samples were collected from rivers and surface water in Guilan and Tehran provinces during 2009–2010. Water samples were filtrated through a 1.2-μm pore size membrane filter or by Filta-Max filter followed by immunomagnetic separation or sucrose purification methods. Genotype and subtype of Cryptosporidium were identified by sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. A total of 24 (48.97%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium species by the 18sRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing technique. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of five species of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. canis) in the water samples of the study area and, to our knowledge, the first report of C. muris in Iran. The results of GP60 gene analysis showed that all C. parvum and C. hominis isolates belonged to the IId and Id subtype families, respectively. The investigated river water supplies were heavily contaminated by pathogenic species of Cryptosporidium from humans and livestock. There is potential risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.

Bacterially Assisted Oxidation of Copper Sulfide Minerals in Tropical River Waters

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart L. Simpson ◽  
Simon C. Apte ◽  
Cheryl M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Copper Sulfide ◽  
Sulfide Minerals ◽  
Tropical River ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Copper Release ◽  
Particulate Copper

Environmental Context. It is well known that bacteria can significantly accelerate oxidation rates of copper sulfide minerals under acidic conditions. However, this process is not thought to be important at higher pH. This study reports the bacterially assisted oxidation of copper sulfide minerals in slightly alkaline (pH 8.0–8.3) tropical river waters downstream of a large copper mine. This process leads to significant solubilization of copper from particulate phases. Abstract. Field and laboratory experiments are reported which demonstrate the bacterially facilitated oxidation of copper sulfide minerals in the water column of tropical rivers. When river water samples, collected downstream of a large copper mine, were incubated under controlled laboratory conditions (pH 8.0–8.3) significant dissolved copper release was observed. This was accompanied by an increase in cold acid soluble particulate copper, indicating oxidation of copper sulfides. Dissolved copper release and copper sulfide oxidation were markedly lower in sterile control samples demonstrating biological mediation. In samples collected close to the mine discharge, dissolved copper release ceased after the first 150 h of incubation, presumably following the consumption of easily oxidizable solid copper sulfide phases or armouring of particles with insoluble oxidation products. Attempts to isolate the bacteria responsible were unsuccessful. However, oxidation rates could be enhanced by culturing aliquots of unfiltered river water samples in simple mineral media (pH 7.0) amended only with sulfide. This provided strong evidence that the copper sulfide oxidizing bacteria were chemolithotrophs. Our results suggest that such bacteria are naturally present in mineralized areas and are actively involved in the cycling of particulate copper between sulfide and hydroxy-carbonate forms, thus influencing the solubility and bioavailability of copper.

Ecotoxicological studies using modified ames bioassay

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Filipic ◽  
M. J. Toman
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Mutagenic Activity ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Mutagenicity Assay ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
The Impact

Health and environmental risk assessment of river and wastewaters based on single chemicals is limited by the number of chemicals that can be identified and to those chemicals for which toxicity and mutagenicity data exist. In this study Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay was evaluated as a potentially useful biomonitoring system for river water and wastewater. Standard assay was modified to allow testing of up to 2.5 ml of nonconcentrated water sample and by introducing 90 minutes of preincubation. Mutagenic activity of nonconcentrated samples was compared to the mutagenic activity of XAD-2 extracts of the same samples. Eighteen river water samples, two wastewater samples and one sample of water leaking from municipal waste dump were tested. Mutagenicity was detected in three nonconcentrated river water samples, both nonconcentrated wastewater samples and in the sample of the water leaking from the municipal waste dump. The mutagenic profiles of nonconcentrated samples were different from the mutagenic profiles of the XAD-2 extracts. The modified method was sensitive enough to detect mutagens present in more polluted river water (class IV), in wastewaters and in water leaking from the municipal dump. For the assessment of the impact of the mutagenic river and wastewaters on the environment, calculations from the results of nonconcentrated samples should be used as it seems that calculations from the results of the extracts are leading to the underestimation of mutagenic potency. Mutagenic profiles of the extracts are a useful guide for further chemical and biological analysis to trace the sources of the mutagens and to introduce measures to reduce them.

scholarly journals Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2294
Author(s):  
Giovanni Luongo ◽  
Lucio Previtera ◽  
Afef Ladhari ◽  
Giovanni Di Fabio ◽  
Armando Zarrelli
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Many

Numerous substances from different chemical sectors, from the pharmaceutical industry to the many consumer products available for everyday usage, can find their way into water intended for human consumption and wastewater, and can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the disinfection process is an essential stage in water and wastewater treatment plants to destroy pathogenic microorganisms but it can form degradation byproducts. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common disinfectant, but the most important drawback associated with this kind of compound is the generation of toxic disinfection byproducts. Many studies have been carried out to identify alternative disinfectants, and in the last few years, peracetic acid has been highlighted as a feasible solution, particularly in wastewater treatment. This study compares the transformations of five emerging pollutants (caffeine, tramadol, irbesartan, diclofenac, trazodone) treated with peracetic acid, to evaluate their degradation and the possible formation of byproducts with those obtained with sodium hypochlorite. Although peracetic acid has many advantages, including a wide field of use against microorganisms and a low toxicity towards animal and plant organisms, it is not as effective in the degradation of the considered pollutants. These ones are recovered substantially and are unchanged quantitatively, producing a very low number of byproducts.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water along the Karakorum Highway (KKH)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akhlaque ◽  
Naseer Ahmad Chaudhry ◽  
Farakh A Khan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Bacteriological Analysis ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Strip Test

The present study was undertaken to asses the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Northern Areas of Pakistan. This study was comprised of total 32 water samples taken from river, water in distribution system and spring from different areas along the Karakorum Highway (KKH) from Thahkot to Khunjrab pass. Chlorination may affect the results, so its status was enquired from the local peoples and found that none of the 32 sample points in the residential areas were chlorinated. All the water samples were tested for contamination by H2S strip Test. This study revealed that, according to WHO standard all types of water supplies along KKH are unfit for human consumption.

Characteristics of stable isotope and hydrochemistry of surface water, and their significance on the Huaibei plain, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Song Chen
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Carbonate Weathering ◽  
River Waters ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Hydrogen And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Δd And Δ18o

Eighteen river- and two ground- water samples were collected on Huaibei plain. The major ions, and hydrogen and oxygen isotope concentrations were determined, and statistical and other analyses carried out. The results showed that all of the waters are alkaline, with high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations. Na+ + K+, and SO42− + HCO3− are the dominant anionic and cationic species, respectively, and the waters are mainly Na·K-SO4 and Na·K-HCO3 types. The δD and δ18O in river waters ranged from −53.07‰ to −22.07‰ and −6.97‰ to −1.23‰, with average values of −38.30‰ and −4.09‰, respectively. The δD and δ18O concentrations in groundwater were lower than in the river water samples. The correlation between δD and δ18O concentrations in the river water can be described by the formula δD = 5.32*δ18O − 16.54, which can also be considered the local evaporation line. The ionic content and character of the river water is mainly controlled by precipitation, evaporation and carbonate weathering, as deduced from the Gibbs diagram and principal component analyses.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality Assessment of a Segment of Asa River Water, Ilorin, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Fausat Abimbola Jimoh ◽  
Olatunji Matthew Kolawole
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Living Organisms

The existence of all living organisms depends on water resource which is continually polluted, and is therefore of public health importance. This study investigated river water samples for physicochemical and bacteriological quality of post-office segment of Asa river in Ilorin using standard procedures and the isolates were also identified with standard methods. Eight selected antibiotics used were in this study to determine the trend of susceptibility of the microorganisms to some of the antibiotics. The values recorded for physicochemical parameters of the water samples were within the limits of WHO standard for safe drinking water. The temperature of the water samples ranged between 21.0 and 28.40C while water pH ranged from 7.1 to 7.5. The total heterotrophic count values ranged between 1.2×104 and 7.8×104 cfu/ml, total coliform count values ranged between 4.0×102 and 1.0×104 cfu/100ml, total fecal count values were between 0 and 5.9×103 cfu/100ml some of which were found to be higher than the WHO stipulated values prescribed for river water. Large amount of the bacteria isolated from this water indicated that the water source is a reservoir for many waterborne pathogens; this includes Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus  and Streptococcus sp. Approximately 75% of the isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin and 50% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, while the entire organisms were resistant to augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone. It was inferred that, the selected of segment of the river analyzed revealed high levels of pollution with antibiotic resistant organisms hence not suitable for human consumption without implementing appropriate purification and  treatment regimen.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document