scholarly journals Carcinogenic health risk from trihalomethanes during reuse of reclaimed water in coastal cities of the Arabian Gulf

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwajinmi Daniel Aina ◽  
Farrukh Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Annual Peak

Trihalomethane (THM) occurrence in reclaimed water and its exposure risk to human health during non-potable reuse was evaluated for a coastal Arabian city. Recycled water was monitored at two representative wastewater treatment facilities: a city-wide activated sludge treatment (AST) plant and a neighborhood membrane bioreactor (MBR). Actual total THM concentrations in the post-chlorinated effluents varied with effluent temperature, peaking at 69.28 ± 2.54 μg/L and 41.15 ± 2.34 μg/L in AST and MBR effluents, respectively, in summer. Higher bromide concentration and favorable Br−/Cl2 ratio during disinfection in the AST resulted in stronger brominated THM speciation. Conversely, the MBR effluent was dominated by chloroform. Salinity fingerprinting indicated the presence of saline water in the AST effluent. Individual excess lifetime cancer risk (IELCR) was calculated using the outdoor box exposure model based on annual peak THM concentrations and peak THM formation potential (THMFP) for each species. Inhalation exposure to chloroform in the MBR effluent using peak THMFP values presented the highest cancer risks of 1.28 × 10−6 and 1.12 × 10−6 to residential adult and child receptors, respectively, exceeding the USEPA IELCR guidance threshold of 1 × 10−6 for carcinogens. Chlorinated THM species are important in determining the health risk from reclaimed water during non-potable water reuse.

Using recycled water for non-potable, urban uses: a review with particular reference to toilet flushing

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lazarova ◽  
S. Hills ◽  
R. Birks
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
The Uk

This paper summarises the current non-potable, urban use of reclaimed water with particular reference to toilet flushing. It compares water quality standards for reclaimed water, the volumes of water required for toilet flushing and the qualities of greywater and domestic sewage that have previously been used for reuse. Worldwide examples of reuse schemes are presented with particular detail to two key European sites where greywater has been used for toilet flushing, the Millennium Dome in the UK and a residential block of flats in Annecy, France. It was demonstrated that the interest in water reuse is growing steadily, not only in acknowledged water deficient areas, but also in countries which have not historically appeared to have a water supply problem. The latter include Northern European States such as Belgium, France, the UK and Germany, as well as in tourist coastal areas and islands. This situation affords great opportunities for the creation of urban water recycling schemes.

California's Task Force evaluation of issues confronting water reuse

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Mills ◽  
F. Karajeh ◽  
R.H. Hultquist
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Quality Regulation ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Semi Arid

Water reclamation and reuse have been occurring in California for over a century. The state is arid and semi-arid in large regions and must rely on a variety of water supplies to meet its water demands. Reclaimed water is a potential source to meet a significant portion of new demands expected by 2030. However, there are issues of public health and water quality regulation, cost, public acceptance, institutional and other barriers that must be addressed. The California State Legislature adopted legislation in 2001 to convene the Recycled Water Task Force to advise the state on the opportunities for using reclaimed water in a broad spectrum of applications and in identifying impediments and constraints to increasing the use of reclaimed water. The processes for conducting the Task Force are described to illustrate the actions that were intended to increase the credibility of the Task Force. The recommendations of the Task Force are summarized.

scholarly journals Public Perceptions On Water Reuse Options: The Case Of Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant In Kuwait

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasem M. Alhumoud ◽  
David Madzikanda
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Reuse Options ◽  
Willingness To Use

The main sources of water in Kuwait are seawater desalination and groundwater. Reclaimed wastewater effluent could be an additional water source. Its use would reduce the volumes of recycled water being disposed of to the environment and it could reduce the demand for fresh water supplies. The results of a questionnaire survey of more than 1,500 random households residing in 64 districts in Metropolitan Kuwait are presented. The frequency distribution of the education level, knowledge of wastewater reuse, age, nationality and gender of the sample population are presented. In addition, we have presented the results of a survey of attitudes amongst residents of their willingness to use reclaimed water for a variety of purposes. The research analyzes the costs and benefits of using reclaimed water. The study concludes with useful recommendations for both the authorities and the citizens of Kuwait.

scholarly journals How Environmental Protection Motivation Influences on Residents’ Recycled Water Reuse Behaviors: A Case Study in Xi’an City

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Liu ◽  
Yuqi He ◽  
Hanliang Fu ◽  
Baiyu Chen ◽  
Mengmeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Hypothesis Model ◽  
Environmental Motivation

Pro-environmental behaviors related to reclaimed water reuse are regarded as important motivations for both environmental protection and the use of reclaimed water, and these motivations could affect the citizens’ decision whether they will accept reclaimed water reuse. A hypothesis model was developed as the NAM (Norm Activation Model) has changed, and this hypothesis model was used to explore the factors that affect the citizen’s decision about the reclaimed water reuse, and obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of urban citizens in environmental protection and the related outcomes. First, 584 samples were used to verify the reliability and validity of data, and AMOS21.0 was used to test the goodness-of-fit between the sample data and the hypothesis model. Based on this, the applicability of the improved NAM was verified through the study of recycled water reuse. The hypothesis model was used to analyze its direct influences, showing that environmental motivation has positive influences on the citizens’ acceptance toward recycled water reuse. Besides, Bootstrap method was used to verify the mediation effect, proving that awareness of consequences regarding environmental pollution caused by human activities and ascription of responsibility could strengthen the citizens’ motivation to protect the environment.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment on Benzene Exposure among Gasoline Station Workers

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiklieng ◽  
Suggaravetsiri ◽  
Autrup
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Gasoline Station ◽  
Personal Sampling

Benzene is a human carcinogen presented in gasoline (1% by volume). It is also found in vehicle exhaust. The aim of this study was to assess the health risk of inhalation exposure to benzene among gasoline station workers. The ambient benzene concentration was measured by personal sampling from 150 gasoline station workers (137 fueling workers and 13 cashiers). Additional data of working characteristics were collected by interviews and on-site observations. All workers were non-smokers and passive smoking was limited. Risk assessment of inhalation exposure was determined using the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and showed a high risk of adverse health effect (Hazard Quotients (HQ) >1) in 51.33% of workers. The cancer risk was increased from 1.35 × 10-8 to 1.52 × 10-4, and 70.67% of the workers had a lifetime cancer risk (>Inhalation Unit Risk (IUR): 2.2 × 10-6). A significantly higher risk was found in fueling workers compared to cashiers, and in workers at gasoline stations in inner-city zones (suburban and urban), compared to rural zones. All risk estimations were based upon a single measurement in an eight hour working period, which was assumed to be the average shift length for all working days in a year (250 days). The increased health risk suggests that there should be health surveillance for workers in order to protect them from exposure to benzene. In addition to benzene, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in gasoline may influence health outcomes.

Trace endotoxin in reclaimed water is only one of the risk sources in subchronic inhalation exposure

2021 ◽  
pp. 117479
Author(s):  
Gang Liu ◽  
Yun Lu ◽  
Liangliang Shi ◽  
Jiayang Kong ◽  
Hongying Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Risk Sources

scholarly journals Development of a clinical assay to measure chlorinated tyrosine in hair and tissue samples using a mouse chlorine inhalation exposure model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke G. Pantazides ◽  
Brian S. Crow ◽  
Jennifer Quiñones-González ◽  
Jonas W. Perez ◽  
Jill A. Harvilchuck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Clinical Assay

Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
D. Joksimovic ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
D. Savic
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

The reuse of upgraded wastewater for beneficial uses is increasingly adopted and accepted as a tool in water management. However, funding of schemes is still a critical issue. The focus of this paper is on economic considerations of water reuse planning. A survey of pricing mechanisms for reclaimed water revealed that most schemes are subsidised to a great extent. In order to minimise these state contributions to the implementation and operation of reuse projects, their planning should identify a least cost design option. This also has to take into account the established pricing structure for conventional water resources and the possibility of gaining revenues from reclaimed water pricing. The paper presents a case study which takes into account these aspects. It evaluates different scheme designs with regard to their Net Present Value (NPV). It could be demonstrated that for the same charging level, quite different amounts of reclaimed water can be delivered while still producing an overall positive NPV. Moreover, the economic feasibility and competitiveness of a reuse scheme is highly determined by the cost structure of the conventional water market.

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