scholarly journals Recent advances in measuring and modeling reverse osmosis membrane fouling in seawater desalination: a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Weinrich ◽  
Charles N. Haas ◽  
Mark W. LeChevallier
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Assimilable Organic Carbon ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Membrane Biofouling ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Seawater Treatment

A review of recent literature focuses on the fouling phenomena in membrane systems for desalination, quantification and qualification of parameters related to biological fouling (biofouling), and emerging areas for prevention. In particular, biofouling of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is widely regarded as the most important area for future research on this topic. Reducing membrane fouling is fundamental to seawater treatment but is not well managed. The current state of industry knowledge is evaluated with particular focus on SWRO membrane biofouling, as well as its measurement and mitigation. Specific shortcomings and possible solutions are reviewed regarding the role of assimilable organic carbon, chemical treatment and other components in understanding the fouling process, impacts from pretreatment, level of assimilable nutrients, modeling applications, and real time monitoring. A critical review of recent advances in understanding organic and biological fouling is presented because these are the most difficult to control and least understood.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Measuring and Controlling Biofouling of Seawater Reverse Osmosis SWRO: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana H. Idais ◽  
Azzam A. Abuhabib ◽  
Sofiah Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Challenging Issue ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Membrane Biofouling ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
And Control

This study presents recent literature that sheds light on the SWRO membrane biofouling, Inventory of causes, consequences, measurement, and possible solutions. In particular, biofouling of SWRO is considered as one of the challenges faced by seawater desalination today. For seawater desalination, mitigating membrane biofouling is essentially required and yet to be overcome. Specific shortcomings and prospective solutions are reviewed towards understanding the biofouling mechanism, pretreatment impacts, level of assimilable nutrients, and real-time monitoring. Accordingly, this review aims to address recent advances in biological fouling measurements and control to better understand biofouling and the best ways of dealing with such a challenging issue.

Metal Ions on the Membrane Bioreactor in the Slow Progress of Membrane Fouling Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 158-161
Author(s):  
Wan You Zhang ◽  
Sheng Chao Ji ◽  
Hai Feng Zhang ◽  
Xi Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Flocculation Process

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has developed rapidly in recent years; however, the membrane fouling problems are affecting its further widespread application. This paper discusses the role of metal ions in the mixture in the mechanism; also on the high-priced metal ions coexist in the mixture when the effects of biological flocculation process; finally, the direction of future research in this area are summarized.

The Advancement of Neuroimaging Research Investigating Developmental Stuttering

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deryk S. Beal
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Fast Rate ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Developmental Stuttering ◽  
The Brain ◽  
State Of The Field

We are amassing information about the role of the brain in speech production and the potential neural limitations that coincide with developmental stuttering at a fast rate. As such, it is difficult for many clinician-scientists who are interested in the neural correlates of stuttering to stay informed of the current state of the field. In this paper, I aim to inspire clinician-scientists to tackle hypothesis-driven research that is grounded in neurobiological theory. To this end, I will review the neuroanatomical structures, and their functions, which are implicated in speech production and then describe the relevant differences identified in these structures in people who stutter relative to their fluently speaking peers. I will conclude the paper with suggestions on directions of future research to facilitate the evolution of the field of neuroimaging of stuttering.

Neuropsychological Profile of Children with Early and Continuously Treated Phenylketonuria: Systematic Review and Future Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Canton ◽  
Didier Le Gall ◽  
François Feillet ◽  
Chrystele Bonnemains ◽  
Arnaud Roy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Executive Impairment ◽  
State Of The Science

AbstractObjective: To provide a comprehensive systematic review of the literature by examining studies published on all cognitive aspects of children with early and continuously treated phenylketonuria (ECT-PKU) included in the databases Medline, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLE. Method: In addition to a classical approach, we summarized methodology and results of each study in order to discuss current theoretical and methodological issues. We also examined recent advances in biochemical markers and treatments of PKU, with implications for future research on metabolic control and its role as a determinant of neuropsychological outcome. Results: Consistent with previous reviews, the hypothesis of a specific and central executive impairment in children with ECT-PKU was suggested. However, findings are inconclusive regarding the nature of executive impairments as well as their specificity, impact on everyday life, persistence over time, and etiology. Conclusion: Given the current state of the science, we suggest future directions for research that utilizes a developmental and integrative approach to examine the effects of recent advances in biochemical markers and treatment of PKU. (JINS, 2019, 25, 624–643)

The Nature and Treatment of Pain-Related Fear in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven De Peuter ◽  
Jeroen de Jong ◽  
Geert Crombez ◽  
Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Exposure In Vivo

Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most frequently reported complaints in primary care. The last decade’s research has evidenced the important role of pain-related fear in the maintenance and exacerbation of chronic pain problems. In this article we review the current state of the art regarding the nature, development, and consequences of pain-related fear. We also discuss the implications for therapy, including mass media campaigns, education, exercise therapy, and exposure in vivo. Finally, we propose directions for future research, including the need to tailor treatments to individual patient characteristics, the role of interoceptive conditioning, implications of the context dependency of learning, and the consideration of implicit versus explicit attitudes toward feared painful stimuli.

scholarly journals Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global change

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 2017-2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fuzzi ◽  
M. O. Andreae ◽  
B. J. Huebert ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
T. C. Bond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Present Understanding ◽  
Key Questions

Abstract. In spite of impressive advances in recent years, our present understanding of organic aerosol (OA) composition, physical and chemical properties, sources and transformation characteristics is still rather limited, and their environmental effects remain highly uncertain. This paper discusses and prioritizes issues related to organic aerosols and their effects on atmospheric processes and climate, providing a basis for future activities in the field. Four main topical areas are addressed: i) sources of OA; ii) formation transformation and removal of OA; iii) physical, chemical and mixing state of OA; iv) atmospheric modelling of OA. Key questions and research priorities regarding these four areas are synthesized in this paper, and outstanding issues for future research are presented for each topical area. In addition, an effort is made to formulate a basic set of consistent and universally applicable terms and definitions for coherent description of atmospheric OA across different scales and disciplines.

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