Characteristics of urban chemical spills in Southern Ontario

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Cao ◽  
James Li ◽  
Darko Joksimovic
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Environment And Public Health ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Chemical Spills ◽  
Humber River

Thousands of chemical spills occur as a result of accidents or natural disasters each year worldwide and have the potential to harm human health and the environment. More than 700 recorded chemical spills involving more than 1,000 types of chemical occur every year in Southern Ontario, resulting in multiple environmental impacts. This paper presents characteristics of urban chemical spills (1988–2007) and an ArcGIS-based spatial distribution in Southern Ontario. Eleven regions involving 77 municipalities had experienced chemical spills during the study period. Industrial plants accounted for the majority of occurred spills. The St Clair River and the Humber River were the two major rivers encompassing higher spill areas owing to the high density of industry surrounding them. Pipe/hose leaks both accounted for the highest proportion of total chemical spills and resulted in a largest portion of chemical spills causing surface water impacts. The analysis results will provide information for a further study to develop a comprehensive urban chemical spill management strategy, which emphasizes spill prevention, control and emergency response. The strategy could also be used to assist both municipalities and industries to minimize the potential spill impacts to the environment and public health and to better protect water resources.

Sludge Disposal to Sea in South Africa

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
D C Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Monitoring Programme ◽  
Environment And Public Health ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Sea Outfalls

The performance of two sea outfalls that have been in operation off the coast of Durban for over 10 years has been monitored for effects on the marine environment and public health. The discharge has been a mixture of domestic sewage and industrial waste from which a large proportion of the sludge has been removed but a 2-year research project, in which the balance of the sludge is also being discharged, has commenced. Performance of the outfalls and details of the monitoring programme are reviewed.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WATER SALINITY, NUTRIENTS, CHLOROPHYLL A AND ALGAE ON SAPELO ISLAND

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Steele ◽  
◽  
Marissa Louise Mayfield ◽  
Morgan Rasmussen ◽  
Samuel Mutiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Sapelo Island ◽  
Surface Water Salinity

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and determinants of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Spatial and Multilevel analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dessie Abebaw Angaw ◽  
Alemakef Wagnew Melesse ◽  
Bisrat Misganaw Geremew ◽  
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence is a serious global public health problem particularly in low-and middle-income countries such as Ethiopia where women's empowerment is limited. Despite the high prevalence of intimate partner violence in Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the spatial distribution and determinants of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women. Exploring the spatial distribution of intimate partner violence is crucial to identify hotspot areas of intimate partner violence to design targeted health care interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution and determinants of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was done based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total weighted sample of 6090 reproductive-age women were included in the study. The spatial scan statistical analysis was done to identify the significant hotspot areas of intimate partner violence. A multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify significant determinants of intimate partner violence. Deviance, Intra-cluster Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Median Odds Ratio, and Proportional Change in Variance (PCV) were used for model comparison as well as for checking model fitness. Variables with a p-value less than 0.2 were considered in the multivariable analysis. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported to declare statistical significance and strength of association between intimate partner violence and independent variables. Results The spatial analysis revealed that the spatial distribution of intimate partner violence was significantly varied across the country (Moran’s I = 0.1007, p-value < 0.0001). The SaTScan analysis identified a total of 192 significant clusters, of these 181 were primary clusters located in the Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, northwest Amhara, and west Oromia regions. In the multivariable multilevel analysis; women aged 45–49 years (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.52–5.10), women attained secondary education (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.98), women in the richest household (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.35–0.97), > 10 family size (AOR = 3.85, 95% CI 1.41–10.54), and high community women empowerment (AOR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.49–0.8)) were significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Conclusions Intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women had significant spatial variation across the country. Women's age, education status, family size, community women empowerment, and wealth status were found significant determinants of intimate partner violence. Therefore, public health programs should design targeted interventions in identified hot spot areas to reduce the incidence of intimate partner violence. Besides, health programmers should scale up public health programs designed to enhance women's autonomy to reduce the incidence of intimate partner violence and its consequences.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia among adults aged 15–59 in Ethiopia; using mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biruk Shalmeno Tusa ◽  
Sewnet Adem Kebede ◽  
Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Determinant Factors

Abstract Background Anemia is a global public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Assessing the geographic distributions and determinant factors is a key and crucial step in designing targeted prevention and intervention programmes to address anemia. Thus, the current study is aimed to assess the spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia in Ethiopia among adults aged 15–59. Methods A secondary data analysis was done based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). Total weighted samples of 29,140 adults were included. Data processing and analysis were performed using STATA 14; ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 9.6 software. Spatial autocorrelation was checked using Global Moran’s index (Moran’s I). Hotspot analysis was made using Gettis-OrdGi*statistics. Additionally, spatial scan statistics were applied to identify significant primary and secondary cluster of anemia. Mixed effect ordinal logistics were fitted to determine factors associated with the level of anemia. Result The spatial distribution of anemia in Ethiopia among adults age 15–59 was found to be clustered (Global Moran’s I = 0.81, p value <  0.0001). In the multivariable mixed-effectordinal regression analysis; Females [AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.42, 1.66], Never married [AOR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96], highly educated [AOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.84], rural residents [AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.81], rich wealth status [AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.86] and underweight [AOR = 1.15; 1.06, 1.24] were significant predictors of anemia among adults. Conclusions A significant clustering of anemia among adults aged 15–59 were found in Ethiopia and the significant hotspot areas with high cluster anemia were identified in Somalia, Afar, Gambella, Dire Dewa and Harari regions. Besides, sex, marital status, educational level, place of residence, region, wealth index and BMI were significant predictors of anemia. Therefore, effective public health intervention and nutritional education should be designed for the identified hotspot areas and risk groups in order to decrease the incidence of anemia.

scholarly journals Population simulations of COVID-19 outbreaks provide tools for risk assessment and continuity planning

JAMIA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Peng ◽  
Rowland W Pettit ◽  
Christopher I Amos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Robustness Analysis ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Command Line ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Continuity Planning ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Community Infection

Abstract Objectives We developed COVID-19 Outbreak Simulator (https://ictr.github.io/covid19-outbreak-simulator/) to quantitatively estimate the effectiveness of preventative and interventive measures to prevent and battle COVID-19 outbreaks for specific populations. Materials and methods Our simulator simulates the entire course of infection and transmission of the virus among individuals in heterogeneous populations, subject to operations and influences, such as quarantine, testing, social distancing, and community infection. It provides command-line and Jupyter notebook interfaces and a plugin system for user-defined operations. Results The simulator provides quantitative estimates for COVID-19 outbreaks in a variety of scenarios and assists the development of public health policies, risk-reduction operations, and emergency response plans. Discussion Our simulator is powerful, flexible, and customizable, although successful applications require realistic estimation and robustness analysis of population-specific parameters. Conclusion Risk assessment and continuity planning for COVID-19 outbreaks are crucial for the continued operation of many organizations. Our simulator will be continuously expanded to meet this need.

Postexposure Interventions to Prevent Infection With HBV, HCV, or HIV, and Tetanus in People Wounded During Bombings and Other Mass Casualty Events—United States, 2008: Recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa E. Chapman ◽  
Ernest E. Sullivent ◽  
Lisa A. Grohskopf ◽  
Elise M. Beltrami ◽  
Joseph F. Perz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Mass Casualties ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
Mass Casualty Event ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Centers For Disease Control

ABSTRACTPeople wounded during bombings or other events resulting in mass casualties or in conjunction with the resulting emergency response may be exposed to blood, body fluids, or tissue from other injured people and thus be at risk for bloodborne infections such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, or tetanus. This report adapts existing general recommendations on the use of immunization and postexposure prophylaxis for tetanus and for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens to the specific situation of a mass casualty event. Decisions regarding the implementation of prophylaxis are complex, and drawing parallels from existing guidelines is difficult. For any prophylactic intervention to be implemented effectively, guidance must be simple, straightforward, and logistically undemanding. Critical review during development of this guidance was provided by representatives of the National Association of County and City Health Officials, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, and representatives of the acute injury care, trauma, and emergency response medical communities participating in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Terrorism Injuries: Information, Dissemination and Exchange project. The recommendations contained in this report represent the consensus of US federal public health officials and reflect the experience and input of public health officials at all levels of government and the acute injury response community. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:150–165)

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