scholarly journals Analysis of the effect of pressure control on leakages in distribution systems by FAVAD equation and field applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Özdemir ◽  
Mahmut Fırat ◽  
Salih Yılmaz ◽  
Mustafa Usluer
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Effect Of Pressure ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Pressure Control System ◽  
Daily Water

Abstract Pressure has an important effect on the occurrence of failures/leaks in water distribution systems (WDSs) or the change of leakage in existing leakages. For this reason, monitoring the pressure is important especially for analyzing the changes in the day and night, determining the fluctuations and applying pressure management (PM) to ensure normal operating conditions. In this study, the effect of pressure on water losses and minimum night flow (MNF) was carried out according to the Fixed and Varied Area Discharge (FAVAD) approach which allows the amount of leakage to be calculated based on the change in pressure and field tests. The minimum flow rate and potential leakage were determined under the network operating conditions before the pressure control in region. Then, considering the features of the region, pressure was reduced with the pressure control system and MNFs and leaks were monitored. By reducing the pressure from 9.10 bar to 3.2 bar in the region, the MNF rate was reduced from 6.95 l/s to 3.29 l/s. The daily water savings in the system inlet volume is 78.44 m3/day and the annual saving is 28,624 m3 /year. The results obtained are very important for practitioners in terms of implementing PM in the field.

scholarly journals Optimal District Metered Area Design by Simulated Annealing

10.29007/njc3 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gomes ◽  
Joaquim Sousa ◽  
Alfeu Sá Marques ◽  
João Muranho
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Hydraulic Behaviour ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Entry Points

Water losses reduction in Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) is nowadays an issue of growing importance for water companies to ensure the economic sustainability of these public services. In this context, the implementation of District Metered Areas (DMAs) and/or pressure management are considered effective tools for leakage control, particularly in large networks and in systems with deteriorated infrastructures and with high pressure.Based in previous studies performed by the authors (Gomes et al., 2012; Gomes et al., 2015; Sousa et al., 2015), the methodology described in this paper follows the ‘water losses management international best practices’ and makes it possible to evaluate the Net Present Value (NPV) of DMAs project, as well as the benefits that can be achieved by pressure management in WDS, particularly in terms of water production reduction. Leakage assessment is performed using the analysis of the minimum night flow and the FAVAD concept, and it uses a pressure driven simulation model to predict the network hydraulic behaviour under different pressure conditions. The optimal location of DMAs entry points, pipes reinforcement/replacement and locations/settings of the Pressure Reduction Valves (PRVs) are identified by a Simulated Annealing algorithm. The potential of this methodology is illustrated through an hypothetical case study.

scholarly journals A Numerical Investigation into the PAT Hydrodynamic Response to Impeller Rotational Speed Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7998
Author(s):  
Maxime Binama ◽  
Kan Kan ◽  
Hui-Xiang Chen ◽  
Yuan Zheng ◽  
Daqing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Study Results

The utilization of pump as turbines (PATs) within water distribution systems for energy regulation and hydroelectricity generation purposes has increasingly attracted the energy field players’ attention. However, its power production efficiency still faces difficulties due to PAT’s lack of flow control ability in such dynamic systems. This has eventually led to the introduction of the so-called “variable operating strategy” or VOS, where the impeller rotational speed may be controlled to satisfy the system-required flow conditions. Taking from these grounds, this study numerically investigates PAT eventual flow structures formation mechanism, especially when subjected to varying impeller rotational speed. CFD-backed numerical simulations were conducted on PAT flow under four operating conditions (1.00 QBEP, 0.82 QBEP, 0.74 QBEP, and 0.55 QBEP), considering five impeller rotational speeds (110 rpm, 130 rpm, 150 rpm, 170 rpm, and 190 rpm). Study results have shown that both PAT’s flow and pressure fields deteriorate with the machine influx decrease, where the impeller rotational speed increase is found to alleviate PAT pressure pulsation levels under high-flow operating conditions, while it worsens them under part-load conditions. This study’s results add value to a thorough understanding of PAT flow dynamics, which, in a long run, contributes to the solution of the so-far existent technical issues.

scholarly journals Modeling Bacterial Regrowth and Trihalomethane Formation in Water Distribution Systems

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Gopinathan R. Abhijith ◽  
Leonid Kadinski ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Growth Rate Constant ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Bacterial Regrowth ◽  
The Impact

The formation of bacterial regrowth and disinfection by-products is ubiquitous in chlorinated water distribution systems (WDSs) operated with organic loads. A generic, easy-to-use mechanistic model describing the fundamental processes governing the interrelationship between chlorine, total organic carbon (TOC), and bacteria to analyze the spatiotemporal water quality variations in WDSs was developed using EPANET-MSX. The representation of multispecies reactions was simplified to minimize the interdependent model parameters. The physicochemical/biological processes that cannot be experimentally determined were neglected. The effects of source water characteristics and water residence time on controlling bacterial regrowth and Trihalomethane (THM) formation in two well-tested systems under chlorinated and non-chlorinated conditions were analyzed by applying the model. The results established that a 100% increase in the free chlorine concentration and a 50% reduction in the TOC at the source effectuated a 5.87 log scale decrement in the bacteriological activity at the expense of a 60% increase in THM formation. The sensitivity study showed the impact of the operating conditions and the network characteristics in determining parameter sensitivities to model outputs. The maximum specific growth rate constant for bulk phase bacteria was found to be the most sensitive parameter to the predicted bacterial regrowth.

scholarly journals Minimum Night Flow Analysis and Application of the Fixed and Variable Area Discharges Model for Characterizing Leakage in the Gorino Ferrarese (FE-Italy) District

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Irene Marzola ◽  
Stefano Alvisi ◽  
Marco Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
District Metered Area

Leakage in water distribution systems is an important issue and of major interest for water utilities. In this study, the Minimum Night Flow (MNF) method to quantify the amount of water lost and the equations representing the relationship between pressure and leakage in power and FAVAD (Fixed and Variable Area Discharge) forms were applied to a District Metered Area (DMA) located in Gorino Ferrarese (FE, Italy) equipped with smart meters. The analysis carried out by exploiting the collected time series of user water consumption, DMA inflow, and pressure highlighted that: (a) the MNF method can lead to significant inaccuracy in leakage estimation in the presence of users with irregular consumptions, when based on literature values, and (b) the estimation of the parameters of the power and FAVAD equation is highly affected by the number and types of observed data used.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of leak hydraulics

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferrante ◽  
C. Massari ◽  
E. Todini ◽  
B. Brunone ◽  
S. Meniconi
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

In recent decades the hydraulics of leaks, i.e. the definition of the relationships linking the hydraulic quantities in pipes with leaks, has received increasing attention. On the one hand, the definition of the relationship between the leak outflow and the relevant parameters – e.g. the leak area and shape, the pressure inside the pipe and outside the leak, and the pipe material – is crucial for pressure control and inverse analysis techniques. On the other hand, if the effect of the leakage on the governing equations is not taken into account, i.e. the loss of the flow axial momentum is not considered, significant errors can be introduced in the simulation of water distribution systems. In this paper, the governing equations for a pipe with a leak are derived. The basic equations, obtained within different approaches, are presented in a consistent formulation and then compared with the results of some experimental tests. The leak jet angle and other major features of the results are analysed. The estimated values of the parameters can be used in the water distribution network models when pipes with a diffuse leakage are considered.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Sensor Placement and Pressure Reducing Valve Localization for Pressure Control of Water Distribution Systems

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao ◽  
Hopfgarten ◽  
Ostfeld ◽  
Salomons ◽  
Li
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Pressure Reducing Valve

Many studies on pressure sensor (PS) placement and pressure reducing valve (PRV) localization in water distribution systems (WDSs) have been made with the objective of improving water leakage detection and pressure reduction, respectively. However, due to varying operation conditions, it is expected to realize pressure control using a number of PSs and PRVs to keep minimum operating pressure in real-time. This study aims to investigate the PS placement and PRV localization for the purpose of pressure control system design for WDSs. For such a control system, a PS should be positioned to represent the pressure patterns of a region of the WDS. Correspondingly, a PRV should be located to achieve a maximum pressure reduction between two neighboring regions. According to these considerations, an approach based on the k-means++ method for simultaneously determining the numbers and positions of both PSs and PRVs is proposed. Results from three case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach. It is shown that the sensors positioned have a high accuracy of pressure representation and the valves localized lead to a significant pressure reduction.

Robustness of Parameter-Less Remote Real-Time Pressure Control in Water Distribution Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 449-463
Author(s):  
Philip R. Page ◽  
Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz ◽  
Olivier Piller ◽  
Matome L. Mothetha ◽  
Muhammad S. Osman
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Pressure Control

scholarly journals Adaptive water distribution networks with dynamically reconfigurable topology

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1280-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wright ◽  
Ivan Stoianov ◽  
Panos Parpas ◽  
Kevin Henderson ◽  
John King
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Incident Management ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Dynamically Reconfigurable ◽  
Minimum Night Flow

This paper presents a novel concept of adaptive water distribution networks with dynamically reconfigurable topology for optimal pressure control, leakage management and improved system resilience. The implementation of District Meter Areas (DMAs) has greatly assisted water utilities in reducing leakage. DMAs segregate water networks into small areas, the flow in and out of each area is monitored and thresholds are derived from the minimum night flow to trigger the leak localization. A major drawback of the DMA approach is the reduced redundancy in network connectivity which has a severe impact on network resilience, incident management and water quality deterioration. The presented approach for adaptively reconfigurable networks integrates the benefits of DMAs for managing leakage with the advantages of large-scale looped networks for increased redundancy in connectivity, reliability and resilience. Self-powered multi-function network controllers are designed and integrated with novel telemetry tools for high-speed time-synchronized monitoring of the dynamic hydraulic conditions. A computationally efficient and robust optimization method based on sequential convex programming is developed and applied for the dynamic topology reconfiguration and pressure control of water distribution networks. An investigation is carried out using an operational network to evaluate the implementation and benefits of the proposed method.

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