scholarly journals Assessment of sanitary infrastructures and polluting loads in Pojuca river (Brazil)

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Collivignarelli ◽  
V. De Felice ◽  
V. Di Bella ◽  
S. Sorlini ◽  
V. Torretta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Salvador Da Bahia ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Drinking Purposes

This study was carried out to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate sources of water pollution in Pojuca river basin, in order to define ameliorative interventions. The basin of Pojuca river is located in Recôncavo Norte region, immediately northwards from Salvador da Bahia, capital city of Bahia State (Brazil). River Pojuca is the main water body of the region and it represents a very important potential source of water to be used for drinking purposes, in order to face the rapidly growing population of Salvador da Bahia Metropolitan Area. According to previous studies, its quality did not meet the minimum standards set for surface water withdrawn for potabilization treatment in 2000. In the present study, the most polluting activities have been identified as urban sewage discharges. Wastewater management coverage rate ranged between 30 and 90% in a high number of municipalities in the basin. Wastewaters were commonly discharged on the soil or into it (by means of septic and rudimental tanks) and also urban sewage systems, where existing, often did not convey wastewaters to treatment plants. Polluting loads were estimated according to a methodology elaborated during the study. The estimation was based on the data collected by the authors through field visits and the ones available in the federal databases (updated to year 2007). It allowed to establish that diffuse loads were major than point loads: point discharges were quite rare, whereas pipelines discharging in water bodies and infrastructures such as septic or rudimental tanks were widespread. Treatment plants and septic tanks presented small removal efficiencies of nutrients. This justified also the high organic and microbiological concentrations registered in the river as well as the high content of nutrients. Water quality could be improved in order to meet standards for drinking purposes by building new wastewater treatment plants or upgrading the existing ones. In particular, in urban areas dynamic systems for wastewater collection and treatment plants should be built, whereas in rural areas scattered households should be provided with septic tanks.

scholarly journals Wyposażenie obszarów wiejskich w systemy odprowadzania ścieków na przykładzie gmin powiatu olsztyńskiego

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Mirosława Witkowska-Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
The Town

The purpose of the study was to evaluate, in a local approach, the state of supply of rural areas in a rural district with household wastewater management systems, with the focus on home wastewater treatment plants. The study covered the rural areas of the district of Olsztyn. The data, which were acquired from the Bank of Local Data, were processed through basic mathematical transformations and statistical measures. The structure and intensity indices were calculated per 1,000 residents. Large differences were found in the access to linear infrastructure and to individual systems of wastewater discharge. The results showed a constant increase in the number of home wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks due to the constant influx of people to villages lying around the town of Olsztyn. In contrast to studies conducted on a regional scale, no decrease in the number of septic tanks was observed correlated with the growing number of home wastewater treatment plants. A possible reason can be the specific environmental conditions and protection of inland waters, which limit possible locations of home wastewater treatment plants.

scholarly journals Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Karczmarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

Abstract Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland. Improperly maintained holding tanks are often underestimated source of contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water. As a rule, wastewater stored in holding tanks, should be transported and treated in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). There are 2,257,000 holding tanks in Poland, located mainly in rural areas. The article presents the results of analysis of wastewater management in 20 rural and urban-rural communes, which were chosen at random from the total number of 2,174 communes in Poland. The only criterion of commune selection was total or partial lack of sewerage system. Analysis of the collected data showed that on average only 27% of liquid waste from holding tanks ended at the WWTPs. The median is even lower and amounts to 17.5%. More than 4,000 Mg of P and 26,000 Mg of N is dispersed in the environment in uncontrolled manner. Those diffuse point sources of pollution may be one of the reasons in the difficulty of achieving of good ecological status of rivers and affect the quality of the Baltic Sea.

Multiple Dimensions of Impoverishment in Iran

2020 ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Hosnieh Mahoozi ◽  
Jeurgen Meckl
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Dimensions

Concerning the demands of Sen’s (1984) Capability Approach to the assessment of human well-being, we estimate multidimensional poverty and compare the results with traditional measures of income poverty in Iran. We detect poverty in urban and rural Iran over 1999-2007, a period with relatively high GDP growth. The results reveal that the pace of income poverty reduction is much faster than the pace of multidimensional poverty alleviation. The pace of poverty reduction is much slower in rural areas than in urban areas and the capital city, Tehran. Hence, inequality between rural and urban areas increased over the time. We also show how policymakers may benefit from applying the multidimensional approach in targeting the subgroups by the most deprived aspects.

Consumer managed co-operative - a solution for progressing wastewater management in rural areas

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 385-391
Author(s):  
H. Mattila ◽  
E. Santala ◽  
J. Aho
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Professional Assistance ◽  
The Moment

In Finland the question of appropriate wastewater treatment in rural areas has become very prominent during the last years. The new Environmental Protection Act stipulates that wastewaters must be treated to the extent that they cannot have a negative impact on nature. The Ministry of the Environment is currently preparing a decree specifying the requirements. The draft of the decree proposes that on-site treatment units should decrease the BOD load by 90, total phosphorus load by 85 and total nitrogen load by 40 per cent. To meet the new requirements, the old systems that include septic tanks only need more efficient wastewater treatment methods. Whatever technical solution is selected, the house owner must pay for it. At the moment, even the septic tanks are emptied and maintained irregularly. More sophisticated wastewater treatment methods definitely need more maintenance, which cannot be made the sole duty of the house owners. One potential organisational alternative for managing wastewater treatment in rural areas is the co-operative. Finland has one such pioneering co-operative formed for on-site sanitation. Varsinais-Suomi Water Services Co-operative provides the house owner with professional assistance in wastewater treatment at a reasonable cost. Suvisaari Water Services Co-operative is another new organisation selling sewerage services to its members. But its technology is different: this co-operative operates an LPS-sewerage system instead of on-site treatment.

SEMICENTRALISED WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT: OPTIONS FOR THE DYNAMIC URBAN AREA OF HANOI, VIETNAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 285-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOPHIE SCHRAMM
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Supply And Treatment ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is experiencing rapid urbanisation coupled with high economic growth rates. This situation is both a challenge and an opportunity for the upgrading of existing technical infrastructures. Regarding wastewater treatment, the situation in Hanoi today is characterised by a lack of wastewater treatment plants, processing only a small fraction of the accumulating wastewater. Prevalent means of sanitation are septic tanks installed under buildings for the collection of domestic wastewaters, with overflowing liquids draining into the groundwater in an uncontrolled manner. This decentralised means of sanitation is therefore currently not able to clean domestic wastewaters in an effective way. This paper explores circumstances under which a semi-centralised approach can offer a sustainable solution to cope with these challenges in Hanoi. The approach has been designed to meet the challenges of fast growing urban areas around the world.

scholarly journals Sprawność fizyczna dzieci wiejskich i miejskich z niskiej grupy społeczno-ekonomicznej na Jukatanie (Meksyk)

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-140
Author(s):  
Maryla Aftanasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Arm Circumference

Body build and physical fitness of schoolchildren of low socioeconomic strata from urban and rural areas of Yucatan were studied. The material consisted of 552 children from Merida (the capital city of Yucatan State, Mexico) and of 526 children from the Yaxcaba horticultural community, 7 through 14 years of age. These are cross-sectional samples studied in 1996-97 in Merida and in 1999 and 2000 in Yaxcaba. The ethnic origin was evaluated using two surnames of children (from the father and mother side). The studied variables included stature, BMI, arm circumference, grip strength, agility run, Sargent vertical jump index (explosive strength), spine flexibility index, and reaction time. Urban children are significantly taller than rural ones, and BMI and arm circumference show also a tendency to be greater in urban areas. Physical fitness tests are better performed (better results) in rural areas than in urban ones. If the whole material is divided according to two ethnic groups (Mayas and Mestizos, and Creoles)  the differences in body build are still observed but those in physical fitness disappeared. Creole children are taller than Mayas and Mestizos and they show a tendency to have more weight for height and greater arm circumference. Generally, the differences in physical fitness are only observed between rural and urban children what may be caused by a more active way of life in villages than in towns resulting from agricultural activity. However, differences in stature are observed between ethnic as well as between rural and urban groups. This may have the genetic origin (Creoles and Mayas), and in the case of different localities, it may also be caused by more various nutrition in towns than in villages.

scholarly journals STUDY REGARDING THE DETERMINATION OF WASTEWATER SPECIFIC FLOWS IN ROMANIA RURAL AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRCEA-VLAD MUREȘAN ◽  
ELENA-MARIA PICĂ
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

<p>This paper intends to inform the scientific and engineering community on the importance of wastewater treatment plants of small capacity, designed for rural settlements. By analysing the evolution of Romania’s population by towns, on 1st January 2010, the weight of urban population was 55.1 %, and the weight of the rural population was 44.9 % of the total population. The rural environment representing 44.9% of the total population is grouped into 2860 villages with a degree of connection to wastewater treatment plants of only 11.21 %. At the moment the design of treatment plants, regardless of the structure and size of the settlement, is performed in a non-differentiated way, using the same technological methods for urban and rural areas. The implementation of technical solutions that are use for urban areas in case of small and very small towns’ claims high investment costs and especially operational costs, the efficiency of these solutions being unsatisfactory, because of wrong adoption of sizing parameters, for example, the influent specific flow. From this paper will result, based on case studies, that the specific flow sizing treatment plants for rural areas is overrated, much too high, resulting in oversized treatment plants.</p>

scholarly journals Closeness is Not Accessibility: Isolation and Depopulated Rural Areas in the Proximity of Metropolitan Urban Areas, A Case-Study in Inland Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-435
Author(s):  
H. S. Martínez Sánchez-Mateos ◽  
A. R. Ruiz Pulpón
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Accessibility Analysis ◽  
Physical Connection ◽  
And Function

Abstract The increase of accessibility is one of the most important strategies to achieve territorial cohesion and slow down depopulation processes in rural areas. Accessibility is a wide concept with a range of interpretations. When it comes to rural areas, usual accessibility measures introducing proximity and ease of physical connection could lead to misinterpretations and a lack of knowledge for rural areas. This study proposes an accessibility analysis based on connection and function of one of the most depopulated territories in inland Spain: the province of Guadalajara (NUTS-3) which constitutes an interesting case-study because its proximity to the Spanish capital city (Madrid) and the integration of part of the province on its dynamics and economic processes. Results show different rural accessibility levels useful for public policies and decision making on infrastructures. In addition, the accessibility model suggested can be applied in other depopulated rural areas of Europe.

scholarly journals E-Learning Effectiveness Analysis in Developing Countries: East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
Sfenrianto Sfenrianto ◽  
Ellen Tantrisna ◽  
Habibullah Akbar ◽  
Mochamad Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Learning Effectiveness ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Higher Institution ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Culture Technology

The adoption of e-learning in developing countries like Indonesian Universities have been focused in urban areas like the big cities, especially in Java island. There is a lack of development of e-learning in a remote city like Kupang East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia which is located far away from the capital city. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of e-learning by analyzing three factors in one of the higher institution in Kupang city, i.e. Sekolah Tinggi Kesehatan Citra Mandiri Husada Kupang (STIKes CHMK). The factors include culture, technology and infrastructure, and content satisfaction. The data were collected using questionnaires. Research shows that with proper preparation for e-learning, the acceptance of e-learning in rural areas is significantly high. This finding suggests that e-learning can greatly benefit the students like Kupang city in developing countries.

scholarly journals Planning the optimal solution for wastewater management in rural areas - case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 01035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Boguniewicz-Zablocka ◽  
Iwona Klosok-Bazan ◽  
Andrea G. Capodaglio ◽  
Joanna Ploskonka
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Water management and associated wastewater management is an inseparable element of life and development of modern societies. Collection and treatment of wastewater has a significant impact on the environment and economy, both at the local and global level. It is therefore necessary to proceed to activities that ensure proper wastewater management, especially in rural and low-density areas, where it is necessary to search for optimal solutions with regard to sewage systems, including wastewater treatment plants. One of the solution for wastewater treatment from houses without access to sewerage collection system is the construction of on-site wastewater treatment plants. Construction of on-site wastewater treatment plant poses a number of challenges for municipalities and potential investors and has been discussed by many. Aim of this paper is to draw the current status and perspectives of on-site wastewater treatment systems in Poland, with focus on selected case study from rural areas. The paper presents a way to solve the problem of wastewater management in the municipality of Pietrowice Wielkie using local biological wastewater treatment plants. The article presents technological, technical and economical aspects of the above-mentioned solutions and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the system proposed by the municipality.

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