Hazard identification, qualitative risk assessment and monitoring on the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalie Roux ◽  
Cedric Robillot ◽  
Heather Chapman ◽  
Frederic Leusch ◽  
Mary Hodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Ionic Charge ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring

This paper explains how the results of the source water characterisation for the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project in South East Queensland was used to augment the qualitative water quality risk assessment process and design of the monitoring programs. Results were evaluated against health standards published in 2008 by Queensland Health and also against level of reporting. This determined the relative risk of exceeding the health standard for parameters detected in the source. The relative risk was used to inform the qualitative risk assessment as well as the frequency of monitoring in both the source and purified water. Categorising hazards using their ionic charge and hydrophobicity enabled the selection of indicators for both source and purified water compliance monitoring programs.

Risk Assessment and Child Health

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 952-956
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Samet
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Risk assessment, an approach for organizing information about hazards to health, safety, and the environment, provides a framework for gauging the threat to child health from environmental pollutants. A qualitative risk assessment has 4 components: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In a risk assessment, consideration can be given to a population group that potentially has increased susceptibility, whether arising from having a high level of exposure or from increased susceptibility to the agent of concern on a biological basis. Children have been proposed as being at increased risk from some environmental agents, and there has long been concern and debate that the current approach of determining acceptable exposure levels or intake for a person may not yield safe intake limits for infants and children, who may be placed at greater risk than adults because of exposure patterns and inherent susceptibility. The persistence of debate on this critical public health issue reflects, in part, the difficulty of developing sufficiently sensitive and validated animal bioassays for critical outcomes. Epidemiologic studies can play only a limited role, given the complexity of establishing cohorts and tracking exposures from conception forward to assess risks across the lifespan. Meeting society’s call for healthy environments for children poses an extraordinary challenge to researchers and to the policy makers who seek to develop evidence-based policies to protect children.

Fuzzy Quantitative and Semi-Qualitative Risk Assessment in Projects

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Mohamamd Abdolshah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Preventive Method ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Risks Assessment ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
Sets Theory

Before initiating a project, risks assessment, is a process that its importance has felt in past two decades and has taken a position in project activities. Project's managers apply risk assessment as a preventive method for highly possible risks having an unfavorable influence on project objectives. Risk assessment has implemented in three ways: qualitative, semi-qualitative (semi-qualitative) and quantitative. In this paper, the author reviews quantitative and semi-qualitative risk assessment methods in associated with fuzzy sets theory (FST). Moreover, considering three steps of risk assessment process, namely: definition and measurement of parameters, fuzzy inference and defuzzification, the author classified presented articles into three groups of giving opinion methods, assessment methods and defuzzification methods. It is avoided mentioning articles with same assessment methods in this paper. Although giving opinion methods and defuzzification methods have the potential to be worked on, late risk assessment surveys, demonstrate increasing attempt on developing comprehension and reality adjustment in project risk assessment methodologies.

scholarly journals Risk assessment for chemical substances: the link between toxicology and public health

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. R. Paumgartten
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Risk Assessment Process ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health

Virtually all chemical substances may cause adverse health effects, depending on the dose and conditions under which individuals are exposed to them. Toxicology - the study of harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms - provides the scientific data base on which risk assessment of adverse health effects stands. Risk assessment (RA) is the process of estimating the probability that a chemical compound will produce adverse effects on a given population, under particular conditions of exposure. Risk assessment process consists of four stages: Hazard Identification (HI), Exposure Assessment (EA), Dose-Response Assessment (DRA), and Risk Characterization (RC). The risk assessment process as a whole makes it possible to carry out cost(risk)/benefit analysis, and thus risk management, on a rational basis. A capacity to undertake risk assessment is thus sine qua non for making decisions that are concerned with achieving a balance between economic development and adequate protection of public health and the environment.

scholarly journals GM organisms and the EU regulatory environment: allergenicity as a risk component

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard V. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Gm Crop ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Food And Feed

The European Food Safety Authority, following a request from the European Commission, has published a guidance document for the risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed to assist in the implementation of provisions of Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and Council on GM food and feed. This regulation has applied since 18 April 2004. In principle, hazard identification and characterisation of GM crops is conducted in four steps: characterisation of the parent crop and any hazards associated with it; characterisation of the transformation process and of the inserted recombinant DNA, including an assessment of the possible production of new fusion proteins or allergens; assessment of the introduced proteins (toxicity, allergenicity) and metabolites; identification of any other targetted and unexpected alterations in the GM crop, including changes in the plant metabolism resulting in compositional changes and assessment of their toxicological, allergenic or nutritional impact. In relation to allergenicity specifically, it is clear that this property of a given protein is not intrinsic and fully predictable but is a biological activity requiring an interaction with individuals with a predisposed genetic background. Allergenicity, therefore, depends on the genetic diversity and variability in atopic human subjects. Given this lack of complete predictability it is necessary to obtain, from several steps in the risk-assessment process, a cumulative body of evidence that minimises any uncertainty about the protein(s) in question.

scholarly journals New Approaches in Setting Drinking Water Standards

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward V. Ohanian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Regulatory Process ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Maximum Contaminant Level ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
Contaminant Level ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment

The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 required that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establish standards for 83 contaminants by June 1989, and at least 25 added standards by January 1991, then 25 more every three years hence. Conceptually, the regulatory process employed by EPA consists of two steps. First, a detailed health risk assessment of a contaminant is performed in order to determine the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (nonenforceable health goal) in water that should result in no known or anticipated health effects and allows adequate margin of safety. Second, the results of risk assessment and management (taking best available technology, treatment techniques, cost, and other means into consideration) are combined to derive the Maximum Contaminant Level (enforceable standard) which is set as close to the MCLG as feasible. With this overall regulatory process in mind, a detailed risk assessment process (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, human exposure assessment, and risk characterization) used in setting drinking water standards is discussed. In addition, this article discusses our efforts in exploring new and improved risk assessment methodologies addressing the mechanism of action of toxicants, relative source contribution, weight of evidence, carcinogenic potency, and toxicokinetics.

Fuzzy Quantitative and Semi-Qualitative Risk Assessment in Projects

2018 ◽  
pp. 2035-2046
Author(s):  
Mohamamd Abdolshah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Preventive Method ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Risks Assessment ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
Sets Theory

Before initiating a project, risks assessment, is a process that its importance has felt in past two decades and has taken a position in project activities. Project's managers apply risk assessment as a preventive method for highly possible risks having an unfavorable influence on project objectives. Risk assessment has implemented in three ways: qualitative, semi-qualitative (semi-qualitative) and quantitative. In this paper, the author reviews quantitative and semi-qualitative risk assessment methods in associated with fuzzy sets theory (FST). Moreover, considering three steps of risk assessment process, namely: definition and measurement of parameters, fuzzy inference and defuzzification, the author classified presented articles into three groups of giving opinion methods, assessment methods and defuzzification methods. It is avoided mentioning articles with same assessment methods in this paper. Although giving opinion methods and defuzzification methods have the potential to be worked on, late risk assessment surveys, demonstrate increasing attempt on developing comprehension and reality adjustment in project risk assessment methodologies.

scholarly journals The application of qualitative risk assessment methodology to prioritize issues for fisheries management

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1576-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management ◽  
Risk Assessment Methodology

Abstract Implementing more holistic forms of fisheries management (e.g. Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD), Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management) usually increases the number and scope of impacts requiring assessment. This study examined the effectiveness of a qualitative risk assessment process, developed as part of a National ESD framework, for prioritizing issues across the seven most valuable Western Australian commercial fisheries. Structured stakeholder workshops were used to identify issues across three ecological areas: retained species (i.e. target and by-product), non-retained (i.e. discarded and protected) species, and the broader ecosystem for each fishery. The risk associated with each issue was assessed using one of five sets of consequence criteria specifically developed to cover fishery-related impacts. The risk scores, for which suitably detailed justifications were written, determined the level of reporting and management required for each issue. Despite an additional 96 “non-target species issues” being identified at the workshops from a total of 115 issues, of the 27 issues requiring explicit management actions, just six new issues were added by this process. In addition, it identified where modifications of some of the existing arrangements were necessary. Finally, the system significantly improved stakeholder involvement and therefore acceptance of the outcomes. Given this success, risk assessment has now been applied to all Western Australia's export fisheries and to the development or review of many other systems, thereby improving the entire management process.

The Use of Basal Cytotoxicity and Target Organ Toxicity Tests in Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Balls ◽  
Julia H. Fentem
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Human Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Risk ◽  
Test Systems ◽  
Vitro Test

Non-animal procedures, including in vitro test systems and test strategies, can already make a significant contribution to the background to risk assessment — in predicting both the toxic potential and toxic potency of chemicals, as well as, in some circumstances, the toxic hazard they may represent under specified conditions of exposure. They can be particularly useful for investigating molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemical-induced toxicity, and for identifying species-specific effects, which greatly limit the value of data from laboratory animal studies in the human risk assessment process. Attention is focused on the need for greater effort to be invested in the development of non-animal procedures for evaluating the biokinetic factors which will determine the ultimate form and concentration of a particular chemical at possible sites of toxic action. The relative merits of correlative and mechanistic approaches to test development and test validation are discussed. The need for realism is emphasised, not only in relation to our expectations of the validation process, but also in terms of the current and future status of regulatory toxicology, in vitro or in vivo, as a scientific discipline. Finally, it is concluded that the intelligent and strategic use of in vitro test systems, in conjunction with predictive computer modelling, could markedly improve the scientific basis of human risk assessment.

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