Financial Challenges to Making Faecal Sludge Management an Integrated Part of the Ecosan Approach: Case Study of Kumasi, Ghana

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vodounhessi ◽  
E. von Münch
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Ecological Sanitation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The City ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Many sub-Saharan African towns currently face a “faecal sludge crisis”, because large amounts of faecal sludge from unsewered toilets (pit latrines, septic tanks etc.) are dumped into the environment. This causes public health problems and environmental degradation. The objective of this research was to investigate how faecal sludge management (FSM) can be made an integrated part of a sustainable ecological sanitation (ecosan) approach, with an emphasis on financial sustainability. Kumasi, a city in Ghana, West Africa, with 1.48 million inhabitants was chosen as a case study. Our research shows that the FSM of the city can be independent of donors’ financial support and thus financially sustainable if the potential revenue in both households and farmers is realised. This potential revenue was evaluated by (i) analysing the relevant functional groups and their relationships, (ii) a Capacity-to-Pay approach for households whereby they would spend up to 0.5% of their income on the toilet pit/septic tank emptying service (including a cross-subsidy approach), and (iii) on the farmers’ Willingness-To-Pay for compost (treated faecal sludge) based on a price of US$ 1.4 per 50 kg bag of compost. This additional revenue, which should be allocated to the System Manager (Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly) in the proposed financial scheme, was estimated to be US$ 57,000 per month from households and US$ 18,000 per month from farmers (based on 6300 m3/month of faecal sludge collected in Kumasi and a simplified financial analysis of the system).

scholarly journals Assessment of the faecal sludge management practices in households of a sub-Saharan Africa urban area and the health risks associated: the case study of Yaoundé, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Wilfried Arsène Letah Nzouebet ◽  
Ebenezer Soh Kengne ◽  
Guy Valerie Djumyom Wafo ◽  
Chistian Wanda ◽  
Andrea Rechenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge

scholarly journals Una misión educativa

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (18-19) ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Ofelia Brown ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The People ◽  
The City ◽  
Innovative Teaching Method

This case study describes an initiative by a computer engineer to develop an innovative teaching method. The company providing financial support has as their sole motivation the altruistic purpose of improving education in Peru. After enacting the program, the people involved decided to form a non-profit association in order to collect donations and assure the resources that will allow the project’s expansion. The story unfolds in the city of Lima, Peru, in May of 2005.

scholarly journals Estimation of fuel potential of faecal sludge in a water scarce city, a case study of Jaipur Urban, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-514
Author(s):  
Niharika Sharma ◽  
Sagar Gupta ◽  
Anil Dutt Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Abstract Non-sewer sanitation systems are widely implemented for treatment and management of faecal sludge (FS) and septage in developing nations. India became an open defecation free (ODF) country in 2019, with more than 90 million toilets at rural and urban level constructed to achieve this ODF status. Government of India also initiated a faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) policy in 2017. This paper highlights the policy vision for the state of Rajasthan and predicts options for a safely managed sanitation system through exploring the fuel potential of faecal sludge generated in the city. The intended study is an attempt to valorize faecal sludge into a marketable product through determining the heat capacity of dried faecal sludge from different sources such as pit toilets, septic tanks etc. In the present work in urban Jaipur, which is already a water scarce city, various onsite sanitation systems were targeted to collect FS samples from different locations. It was observed that the FS generated has a high heating value of 13.96 MJ/kg, with total solids ranges from 7 to 9%. For a pragmatic resource recovery option, the experimental data observed is validated with a literature review.

Developing behaviour change communication for improving faecal sludge management in Bhutan

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Halcrow ◽  
T. Yetsho ◽  
N. Nguyen ◽  
G. Tshering
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Behaviour Change Communication ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Change Communication ◽  
Behavioural Determinants ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Approaches to improve faecal sludge management practices and on-site sanitation services can better be supported through an understanding of the behavioural determinants and consumer preferences for the services. This practice paper describes a process in Bhutan in which stakeholders collaborated to carry out formative research to identify motivations and barriers to improved septic tank management by building owners in Thimphu City. Using a sanitation behaviour change framework, the findings focused on prioritised behavioural determinants of knowledge of septic tank management and services, willingness to pay and the use of enforcements. The research findings were then used to develop a practical yet evidence-based behaviour change communication strategy for the City in 2012 that aimed to improve safe and timely emptying practices, improve services and increase demand from households, business and institutions.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Biochar in Pit Latrines as a Faecal Sludge Management Strategy to Reduce Water Resource Contaminations: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11772
Author(s):  
Matthew Mamera ◽  
Johan J. van Tol ◽  
Makhosazana P. Aghoghovwia ◽  
Alfredo B. J. C. Nhantumbo ◽  
Lydia M. Chabala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Potential Use

Faecal sludge management (FSM) in most developing countries is still insufficient. Sanitation challenges within the sub-Saharan region have led to recurring epidemics of water- and sanitation-related diseases. The use of pit latrines has been recognised as an option for on-site sanitation purposes. However, there is also concern that pit latrine leachates may cause harm to human and ecological health. Integrated approaches for improved access to water and sanitation through proper faecal sludge management are needed to address these issues. Biochar a carbon-rich adsorbent produced from any organic biomass when integrated with soil can potentially reduce contamination. The incorporation of biochar in FSM studies has numerous benefits in the control of prospective contaminants (i.e., heavy metals and inorganic and organic pollutants). This review paper evaluated the potential use of biochar in FSM. It was shown from the reviewed articles that biochar is a viable option for faecal sludge management because of its ability to bind contaminants. Challenges and possible sustainable ways to incorporate biochar in pit latrine sludge management were also illustrated. Biochar use as a low-cost adsorbent in wastewater contaminant mitigation can improve the quality of water resources. Biochar-amended sludge can also be repurposed as a useful economical by-product.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of Intra-Urban Land Use Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Amanuel Weldegebriel ◽  
Engdawork Assefa ◽  
Katarzyna Janusz ◽  
Meron Tekalign ◽  
Anton Van Rompaey
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Land Use Dynamics ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The City

Currently, circa 30% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa resides in cities, and this figure is expected to double in 2040. The recent literature describes the urban expansion processes of African cities in much detail. However, the urbanization wave in Africa also leads to important intra-urban land use dynamics, which have important consequences on the quality of life within existing cities, which has received less attention. This study aims to contribute to these information gaps by (1) analyzing the extent of the urban land use conversion in contrasting urban locations using satellite images for physical criteria-based classifications and (2) assessing the potential consequences of these intra-urban conversions on the quality of life. Intra-urban land use changes were documented based on satellite imagery for the period 2002–2020. Based on some representative attributes, Addis Ababa city was selected for the case study. Urban land use dynamics and population density changes were examined based on the selected case study neighborhoods and randomly identified land parcels in the city, respectively. Urban development strategies and programs that emerged over recent decades had caused intra-urban land use dynamics, which brought significant population density changes. Moreover, these changes have caused an unbalanced distribution of socio-economic amenities across the city.

scholarly journals Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of technologies, practices and end-uses

2015 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaib Semiyaga ◽  
Mackay A.E. Okure ◽  
Charles B. Niwagaba ◽  
Alex Y. Katukiza ◽  
Frank Kansiime
Keyword(s):  
Urban Slum ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Slum Areas ◽  
End Uses
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