scholarly journals Climate change adjustments in engineering design standards: European perspective

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz ◽  
Paweł Licznar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Design Floods ◽  
Risk Cost ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Abstract The European Commission Flood Risk Directive review shows that while many nations have embraced the concepts of flood risk management, there is still quite more to do in delineating risk–cost-effective measures and developing cost estimates and financing of those measures. Not mentioned are the necessary changes to existing design standards and protocols which will have to change in order to properly encompass climate change and variability, with associated uncertainties. Adjustments in engineering design standards and changes in hazards are examined, based on trend detection in observational records and projections for the future. Issues of urban and transport (motorways and railways) drainage design are also examined. Furthermore, risk reduction strategies are discussed. Finally, a way of accounting for non-stationarity in determining design precipitation and design floods is tackled. Climate change adjustments in engineering design standards, such as design precipitation and design floods, are reviewed via examples from Europe.

scholarly journals Evaluation of flood risk reduction strategies through combinations of interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik C. Berchum ◽  
William Mobley ◽  
Sebastiaan N. Jonkman ◽  
Jos S. Timmermans ◽  
Jan H. Kwakkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

scholarly journals Defend or raise? Optimising flood risk reduction strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper T. Lendering ◽  
Sebastiaan N. Jonkman ◽  
Mathijs Ledden ◽  
Johannes K. Vrijling
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

scholarly journals The use of equivalent annual cost for cost-benefit analyses in flood risk reduction strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 20005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. (Maarten) Schoemaker ◽  
J.G. (Jules) Verlaan ◽  
R. (Robert) Vos ◽  
M. (Matthijs) Kok
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

scholarly journals A framework for comparing permanent and forecast-based flood risk-reduction strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 720 ◽  
pp. 137572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Bischiniotis ◽  
Hans de Moel ◽  
Marc van den Homberg ◽  
Anaïs Couasnon ◽  
Jeroen Aerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Damage simulator - a tool to explore the effects of flood risk drivers on the development of flood damage in Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Brughelli ◽  
Anna Fehlmann ◽  
Mirjam Mertin ◽  
Andreas Zischg ◽  
Markus Mosimann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Risk Awareness ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Near Future

<p>Flood risk assessment and the design of risk reduction strategies often neglect the influence of socio-economic development on future exposure and vulnerability to floods and their development over time. Flood risks will increase or decrease depending on proactive adaptations of both households and government. A cooperation between household and government is therefore essential and may be reached by encouraging a constructive flood risk dialog. To overcome communication barriers, ease knowledge transfer between stakeholders and allow an integral rise in flood risk awareness the web-based tool “Flood damage simulator” is introduced.</p><p>As a communication and awareness-raising instrument for flood risk management, the tool is directed at various user groups such as policy makers, local authorities, spatial planners as well as researchers. The tool offers scenarios which represent the magnitude of flood damages to be expected today and show possible trends in the near future. Furthermore, it is possible to customize a user defined scenario in which the key flood risk drivers exposure, vulnerability and flood extension can be individually adapted, thus breaking down a complex topic in more comprehensible subunits. Generated knowledge and awareness might promote proactive adaptation of both households and government leading to a reduction of flood risk.</p>

scholarly journals A risk-based network analysis of distributed in-stream leaky barriers for flood risk management

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2567-2584
Author(s):  
Barry Hankin ◽  
Ian Hewitt ◽  
Graham Sander ◽  
Federico Danieli ◽  
Giuseppe Formetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Catchment Basin ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Effective Dynamic ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Efficient Scheme ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Abstract. We develop a network-based model of a catchment basin that incorporates the possibility of small-scale, in-channel, leaky barriers as flood attenuation features, on each of the edges of the network. The model can be used to understand effective risk reduction strategies considering the whole-system performance; here we focus on identifying network dam placements promoting effective dynamic utilisation of storage and placements that also reduce risk of breach or cascade failure of dams during high flows. We first demonstrate the model using idealised networks and explore risk of cascade failure using probabilistic barrier-fragility assumptions. The investigation highlights the need for robust design of nature-based measures, to avoid inadvertent exposure of communities to a flood risk, and we conclude that the principle of building the leaky barriers on the upstream tributaries is generally less risky than building on the main trunk, although this may depend on the network structure specific to the catchment under study. The efficient scheme permits rapid assessment of the whole-system performance of dams placed in different locations in real networks, demonstrated in application to a real system of leaky barriers built in Penny Gill, a stream in the West Cumbria region of Britain.

scholarly journals Predicting Food-Safety Risk and Determining Cost-Effective Risk-Reduction Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
William E. Nganje ◽  
Linda D. Burbidge ◽  
Elisha K. Denkyirah ◽  
Elvis M. Ndembe
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Food Safety Risk

Food safety is a major risk for agribusiness firms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 5000 people die annually, and 36,000 people are hospitalized as a result of foodborne outbreaks in the United States. Globally, the death estimate is about 42,000 people per year. A single outbreak could cost a particular segment of the food industry hundreds of millions of dollars due to recalls and liability; these instances might amount to billions of dollars annually. Despite U.S. advancements and regulations, such as pathogen reduction/hazard analysis critical control points (PR/HACCP) in 1996 and the Food Modernization Act in 2010, to reduce food-safety risk, retail meat facilities continue to experience recalls and major outbreaks. We developed a stochastic-optimization framework and used stochastic-dominance methods to evaluate the effectiveness for three strategies that are used by retail meat facilities. Copula value-at-risk (CVaR) was utilized to predict the magnitude of the risk exposure associated with alternative, cost-effective risk-reduction strategies. The results showed that optimal retail-intervention strategies vary by meat and pathogen types, and that having a single Salmonella performance standard for PR/HACCP could be inefficient for reducing other pathogens and food-safety risks.

scholarly journals Declining vulnerability to river floods and the global benefits of adaptation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (18) ◽  
pp. E2271-E2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenden Jongman ◽  
Hessel C. Winsemius ◽  
Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts ◽  
Erin Coughlan de Perez ◽  
Maarten K. van Aalst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
The People ◽  
Socioeconomic Drivers ◽  
The World ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
River Floods ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

The global impacts of river floods are substantial and rising. Effective adaptation to the increasing risks requires an in-depth understanding of the physical and socioeconomic drivers of risk. Whereas the modeling of flood hazard and exposure has improved greatly, compelling evidence on spatiotemporal patterns in vulnerability of societies around the world is still lacking. Due to this knowledge gap, the effects of vulnerability on global flood risk are not fully understood, and future projections of fatalities and losses available today are based on simplistic assumptions or do not include vulnerability. We show for the first time (to our knowledge) that trends and fluctuations in vulnerability to river floods around the world can be estimated by dynamic high-resolution modeling of flood hazard and exposure. We find that rising per-capita income coincided with a global decline in vulnerability between 1980 and 2010, which is reflected in decreasing mortality and losses as a share of the people and gross domestic product exposed to inundation. The results also demonstrate that vulnerability levels in low- and high-income countries have been converging, due to a relatively strong trend of vulnerability reduction in developing countries. Finally, we present projections of flood losses and fatalities under 100 individual scenario and model combinations, and three possible global vulnerability scenarios. The projections emphasize that materialized flood risk largely results from human behavior and that future risk increases can be largely contained using effective disaster risk reduction strategies.

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