Achieving water security in peri-urban Yangon: exploring the local governance processes

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 980-998
Author(s):  
Rebecca Groot ◽  
Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Water Security ◽  
High Price ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Many cities in the Global South lack the capacity to provide water security to their inhabitants. Peri-urban areas are especially vulnerable to water insecurity. This study concerns the impact of (good) governance on water security among formal and informal settlers residing in Hlaing Thar Yar Industrial Zone (HTIZ), a peri-urban area belonging to Yangon, Myanmar. Through employing mixed methods, we investigate the dynamics of water security by studying the governing processes which shape it on a local level. In HTIZ, various challenges related to water security come together. Our findings reveal that water security in HTIZ was achieved for the majority of the formal settlers, whereas this was not the case for the majority of the informal (riverbank) settlers. Although a well-organized needs-driven system of local water vendors supplied water to the local population there was a high risk of contamination by domestic pollution (e.g., Escherichia coli) and industrial effluent, in addition to the relatively high price of the water. The identified water insecurities were driven on an institutional level by the lack of capacity and priority given to supplying and protecting informal settlers. Absence of environmental monitoring and enforcement, and the perceptions of government officials further exacerbated water insecurity.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

scholarly journals Mapping 20 Years of Urban Expansion in 45 Urban Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Yann Forget ◽  
Michal Shimoni ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Catherine Linard
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Mapping Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

By 2050, half of the net increase in the world’s population is expected to reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driving high urbanization rates and drastic land cover changes. However, the data-scarce environment of SSA limits our understanding of the urban dynamics in the region. In this context, Earth Observation (EO) is an opportunity to gather accurate and up-to-date spatial information on urban extents. During the last decade, the adoption of open-access policies by major EO programs (CBERS, Landsat, Sentinel) has allowed the production of several global high resolution (10–30 m) maps of human settlements. However, mapping accuracies in SSA are usually lower, limited by the lack of reference datasets to support the training and the validation of the classification models. Here we propose a mapping approach based on multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-1, Envisat, ERS) and volunteered geographic information (OpenStreetMap) to solve the challenges of urban remote sensing in SSA. The proposed mapping approach is assessed in 17 case studies for an average F1-score of 0.93, and applied in 45 urban areas of SSA to produce a dataset of urban expansion from 1995 to 2015. Across the case studies, built-up areas averaged a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% between 1995 and 2015. The comparison with local population dynamics reveals the heterogeneity of urban dynamics in SSA. Overall, population densities in built-up areas are decreasing. However, the impact of population growth on urban expansion differs depending on the size of the urban area and its income class.

scholarly journals Importation of Good Governance at Local Self-government Body in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Islam ◽  
Md. Amdadul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
The People ◽  
New Space ◽  
Government Body ◽  
Data Collection Technique

The principle of good governance is difficult and controversial. Governance opens new space which provides a concept that allows us to discuss the role of government in coping with public issues and the contribution that other players may make. It opens one’s mind to the possibility that groups in society other than government. Good governance is responsive to the present and future needs of society. Strengthening local governance can be ensured through the importation of the component of good governance at the local level. This paper intent to  examine spaces where principles of good governance are required to apply to ensure better service delivery system at Union Parishad. This paper has been followed by social survey method. The data collection technique of this study has covered quantitative technique. Union Parishad as a local self government body ensuring community participations, people can approach and communicates clearly to their representatives and regularly issuing its progress report to the people for their transparency. Besides, dealing with convicted corruption was found most effective in manner.

ADAPTATION OF PARKING BEHAVIOUR TO PRICE-POLICY ADJUSTMENTS IN TAIPEI CITY: PATTERNS AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
M. C. Tsai ◽  
S. van Gasselt ◽  
T. C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
City Government ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Adjustments

Abstract. Parking issues are an extraordinarily important topic in highly populated urban areas. To balance parking demand, the Taipei city government implemented a price adjustment during policy establishment. In the planning process, the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) is a common analysis unit used for parking and transportation-infrastructure planning, which is also the unit referred to in this contribution. Due to the local variation of spatial and social characteristics in various urban areas, drivers seem to behave more differently on a local level, than it could be represented by a relatively generic policy that is aimed for a regional context. A unified city-wide parking policy could not respond to this individual behaviour in an efficient and effective way. In this study, a dataset published by city covering detailing numbers on the demand, supply, and the illegal parking situation in each traffic zone is applied. By the implementation of Geographically Weighted Regression, the sensitivity of the parking fee setup, and also the influence of other variables on parking occupancies, which makes up for the shortcomings of the global model by allowing relationship to vary over spaces, can be captured. The eventual result verified that although parking price is an influential factor to occupancy, other factors such as the total supply of on-road parking spaces and the substitute parking spaces can affect parking behaviour as well. In general, if parking facilities can be provided without restriction, an average increase of 7 to 10 roadside parking spaces in a traffic area will attract 10 additional drivers to park their cars inside. This approach is considered beneficial for a policy review in order to identify the impact of policy adjustments in spatially heterogeneous settings. Based on the result proposed in this research, a recommendations of policy adjustment could also be put forward.

Age as Determinant of Performance in Local Governance and Community Development of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Organization)

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN S. DUMBRIQUE
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
City Government ◽  
Youth Empowerment ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Hall Of Fame

Participation of stakeholders is the key element of good governance. Provided with direct participation through the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), the youth areempowered in various government structures at the local level. The study lookedinto the performance in local governance and community development of theSK of Vigan City, Ilocos Sur as affected by some personal and social factors.It utilized the evaluative and correlational research designs of the descriptivemethod of research. Findings revealed that the SK of Vigan City were similarlyevaluated to have a high or very satisfactory level of performance by themselves,their members, and by their Punong Barangay in all the roles and responsibilitiesthat impact local governance and community development. Thus, in Vigan, the youth are treated not only as beneficiaries but as partners of the city government in molding a better community. With youth empowerment as its continuingprogram and priority, Vigan has earned the reputation as the Most Child-FriendlyCity Component of the Philippines from 2009 to 2011 and now elevated tothe Hall of Fame. Age came out as good determinant of SK performance along administrative function, legislative function and on over-all SK performance inlocal governance and community development.Keywords: Management, Sangguniang Kabataan, performance, youth participation inlocal government, descriptive-correlational design, Philippines

scholarly journals Governance of disaster risk reduction in Cameroon: The need to empower local government

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry N. Bang
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Impact

The impact of natural hazards and/or disasters in Cameroon continues to hit local communities hardest, but local government lacks the ability to manage disaster risks adequately. This is partly due to the fact that the necessity to mainstream disaster risk reduction into local governance and development practices is not yet an underlying principle of Cameroon’s disaster management framework. Using empirical and secondary data, this paper analyses the governance of disaster risks in Cameroon with particular focus on the challenges local government faces in implementing disaster risk reduction strategies. The hypothesis is that the governance of disaster risks is too centralised at the national level, with huge implications for the effective governance of disaster risks at the local level. Although Cameroon has reinvigorated efforts to address growing disaster risks in a proactive way, it is argued that the practical actions are more reactive than proactive in nature. The overall aim is to explore the challenges and opportunities that local government has in the governance of disaster risks. Based on the findings from this research, policy recommendations are suggested on ways to mainstream disaster risk reduction strategies into local governance, and advance understanding and practice in the local governance of disaster risks in the country.

scholarly journals Internal Controls of the Municipality of Plaridel, Bulacan towards Good Governance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 506-513
Author(s):  
Jerome Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Internal control plays a vital role in both private and public sectors. It is considered as one of the strategic tools in improving the operations and performance of an organization that will lead to the attainment of organizational goal and objectives. The main objective of the study was to determine the impact of control activities to the Municipality of Plaridel, Bulacan in complying with the good governance criteria. An assessment was conducted to determine the extent of control activities’ implementation in the organization to come up with the recommended measures for its further improvement. The study was based on a descriptive research design involving quantitative approach. Data gathered have been processed statistically using the SPSS by the Centro Escolar University Data Processing Center, and presented using the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation analysis. The overall analysis revealed that the relationship between the extent of implementation and perceived impact of control activities to the Municipality in complying with the good governance criteria has a very significant relationship rating. Findings also showed that the existing implementation of control activities in the municipality can be further improved using the recommended measures focused on the following: Revisiting and Revising the existing policies and procedures, Strengthening the top Management’s functions, and Continuous professional development. It can be concluded that the implementation of control activities in the Municipality can improve the operations, and can contribute to the compliance with the Seal of Good Local Governance Criteria - financial administration aspect.

scholarly journals Calculation and internal validation of a new synthetic and autocorrelate index to combine the determinants of health of a population

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Tebala ◽  
Giovanni Domenico Tebala
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The status of health of an individual and - more broadly - of a community or population is defined by the status of their determinants of health. A “systemic” approach to define the health determinants is necessary in order to explore the complex relations existing among them. This study is aimed at identifying a ‘composite systemic’ index of health to measure the impact of socioeconomic factors on public health at local level and to analyze possible spatial autocorrelations between neighboring regions. Results A Composite Index of Health (CIH) was constructed on the basis of known indicators of socio-economic well-being by using the COMIC (COMposite Indices Creator) Software and was validated on the Italian population and a nationwide comparison has been performed. Analysis of the determinants showed a significant direct correlation between health, environment, work and wealth and inverse correlation between health and social distress. The analysis of data from Italian provinces confirmed the South-North gradient of well-being. Conclusion The CIH is a reliable and robust index to evaluate the health of a local population. Although it was validated on Italian data, the index can be easily adapted to any Country.

scholarly journals Public crowdsensing of heat waves by social media data

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Grasso ◽  
Alfonso Crisci ◽  
Marco Morabito ◽  
Paolo Nesi ◽  
Gianni Pantaleo
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Investigating on society-related heat wave hazards is a global issue concerning the people health. In the last two decades, Europe experienced several severe heat wave episodes with catastrophic effects in term of human mortality (2003, 2010 and 2015). Recent climate investigations confirm that this threat will represent a key issue for the resiliency of urban communities in next decades. Several important mitigation actions (Heat-Health Action Plans) against heat hazards have been already implemented in some WHO (World Health Organization) European region member states to encourage preparedness and response to extreme heat events. Nowadays, social media (SM) offer new opportunities to indirectly measure the impact of heat waves on society. Using the crowdsensing concept, a micro-blogging platform like Twitter may be used as a distributed network of mobile sensors that react to external events by exchanging messages (tweets). This work presents a preliminary analysis of tweets related to heat waves that occurred in Italy in summer 2015. Using TwitterVigilance dashboard, developed by the University of Florence, a sample of tweets related to heat conditions was retrieved, stored and analyzed for main features. Significant associations between the daily increase in tweets and extreme temperatures were presented. The daily volume of Twitter users and messages revealed to be a valuable indicator of heat wave impact at the local level, in urban areas. Furthermore, with the help of Generalized Additive Model (GAM), the volume of tweets in certain locations has been used to estimate thresholds of local discomfort conditions. These city-specific thresholds are the result of dissimilar climatic conditions and risk cultures.

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