scholarly journals Water availability, consumption and sufficiency in Himalayan towns: a case of Murree and Havellian towns from Indus River Basin, Pakistan

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 46-64
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Tahir Virk ◽  
Bilal Khalid ◽  
Abid Hussain ◽  
Bashir Ahmad ◽  
Salaar Saeed Dogar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Status

Abstract This study attempts to analyse the status of water availability, consumption and sufficiency in two Himalayan towns – Murree and Havellian from Pakistan's Indus Basin, using the primary data collected from 350 households, 26 town level focus groups and key informants. Findings revealed that groundwater is the main source of water on which around 85% of households are heavily dependent. Estimates of water availability, consumption and water sufficiency ratio (WSR) show that available groundwater is not sufficient (0.89) to meet the requirements for consumption in Havellian. However, in the case of Murree, available water is sufficient (1.92). Taking into account the national standards of water consumption, WSR estimates show that both towns have insufficient water availability (Murree: 0.68, Havellian: 0.50). There is evidence that in both towns, water is being mismanaged at household level. In addition, one-fifth of households reported that climate change has also affected the water availability in the towns over time. Factors such as rapid urbanization and population growth are likely to result in increased requirements of water in the future. Based on the findings, the study has suggested policy actions on protection, efficient use, diversification and governance of groundwater resources.

scholarly journals Development of the Indus River System Model to Evaluate Reservoir Sedimentation Impacts on Water Security in Pakistan

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M. Podger ◽  
Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Yingying Yu ◽  
Joel P. Stewart ◽  
Syed Muhammad Mehar Ali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Security ◽  
River System ◽  
System Model ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Reservoir Sedimentation ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Rabi Season ◽  
Average Maximum

Pakistan’s society and economy are highly dependent on the surface and groundwater resources of the Indus River basin. This paper describes the development and implementation of a daily Indus River System Model (IRSM) for the Pakistan Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to examine the potential impact of reservoir sedimentation on provincial water security. The model considers both the physical and management characteristics of the system. The model’s performance in replicating provincial allocation ratios is within 0.1% on average and the modeling of water flow at barrages and delivered to irrigation canal commands is in agreement with recorded data (major barrage NSE 0.7). The average maximum volumetric error for the Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs are respectively 5.2% and 8.8% of mean annual inflow. The model showed that a 2.3 km3 reduction in storage volume since 1990 equates to approximately 1.3 km3 i.e., a 4–5% reduction in irrigation deliveries, respectively, for Punjab and Sindh in the dry (Rabi) season. This decline indicates that without further augmentation of system storage, the Rabi season supplies will continue to be further impacted in the future. This paper demonstrates the suitability of IRSM for exploring long term planning and operational rules and the associated impacts on water, food and energy security in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Temperature Projections over the Indus River Basin of Pakistan Using Statistical Downscaling

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saleem Pomee ◽  
Elke Hertig
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Statistical Downscaling ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Maximum Heating

We assessed maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures over Pakistan’s Indus basin during the 21st century using statistical downscaling. A particular focus was given to spatiotemporal heterogeneity, reference and General Circulation Model (GCM) uncertainties, and statistical skills of regression models using an observational profile that could significantly be improved by recent high-altitude observatories. First, we characterized the basin into homogeneous climate regions using K-means clustering. Predictors from ERA-Interim reanalysis were then used to model observed temperatures skillfully and quantify reference and GCM uncertainties. Thermodynamical (dynamical) variables mainly governed reference (GCM) uncertainties. The GCM predictors under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were used as “new” predictors in statistical models to project ensemble temperature changes. Our analysis projected non-uniform warming but could not validate elevation-dependent warming (EDW) at the basin scale. We obtained more significant warming during the westerly-dominated seasons, with maximum heating during the winter season through Tmin changes. The most striking feature is a low-warming monsoon (with the possibility of no change to slight cooling) over the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Therefore, the likelihood of continuing the anomalous UIB behavior during the primary melt season may not entirely be ruled out at the end of the 21st century under RCP8.5.

English Education Reform in Asian Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyang Sun ◽  
Xue Lan Rong
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Education ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
English Language Education ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Status ◽  
Globalized World

Language education is becoming an increasingly important topic in education in Asian countries, especially as schools in Asian countries have become more multilingual and multicultural as a result of rapid urbanization and globalization. A comparative analysis of the issues in language education reform in Asian countries—using China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore as examples—shows that, historically and currently, English language education policies are shaped by various underpinning ideologies such as linguicism, nationalism, and neoliberalism. English can serve as a vehicle for upward socioeconomic mobility, or an instrument of linguistic imperialism, or both, in Asia contexts. These ideologies, through language education policies and reforms, impact the status as well as the pedagogy and promotion of the English language. There is a trend and a need with regard to addressing critical consciousness in English education in order to counter the forces of linguicism and neoliberalism in an increasingly multilingual, multicultural, and globalized world.

Recycling of Greywater (GW) through Natural Adsorbents

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.12) ◽  
pp. 1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukesh Chandra Kestwal ◽  
Ravi Kumar Patel ◽  
Benoit Teychene ◽  
Prasenjit Mondal ◽  
Sukdeb Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Valuable Resource ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Natural Adsorbent ◽  
Minimum Change ◽  
Natural Adsorbents ◽  
Individual Household

Reuse of water has been a popular choice toward balancing water scarcity and managing water availability in defined areas.  GW which can be defined as the wastewater that comprises water from baths, showers etc, when managed and treated properly could be valuable resource for sectors like agricultural and horticultural. GW is one of the best option if treated and if not, it will mix with the sewage stream. It is possible to intercept this GW at the household level using minimum change in design, and with the primary and secondary treatment it can be recycled for garden washing, flushing and many purposes. In the present work, GW from student accommodation were collected, characterized and treated through series of natural adsorbent. Various parameters such as TDS, pH, Turbidity, BOD,COD, amount of nitrate and phosphorus were measured and it was found that most of the parameters were considerably in range after treatment.  A simple method has been proposed that may be applied at individual household level. 

scholarly journals The Economic Values of Utilizing Water Services Way Betung Watershed

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Hendra Pratama ◽  
Slamet Budi Yuwono ◽  
Hari Kaskoyo ◽  
Samsul Bakri
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Total Economic Value ◽  
Value Of Water ◽  
Forest Rehabilitation ◽  
Economic Value Of Water

Way Betung watershed is a source of raw water supply utilized by the Talang Mulya community for various purposes, such as for household needs, irrigation of paddy farming and micro hydro power plant. Water availability is closely related to the existing forest presence in the area, the forest land management should be in balance on be half of maintaing water availability. This study aimed to determine the perception of the community and to analyze the economic value of water for household needs, irrigation of paddy farming and micro hydro power plant. This research also calculated the Willingness to Pay of forest and land rehabilitation costs by community. Primary data collection were conducted by interviewing 106 respondents. The results showed that the community appraisal of water resources in Way Betung watershed were good since 88% of respondents are willing to pay for forest rehabilitation. The total economic value of water utilization in Talang Mulya Village was Rp.2.963.540.390/year and the value of willingness to pay for forest rehabilitation costs was Rp.5.833.608/year with average willingness to pay was Rp.22.948/year. Keywords: watershed , total economic value, the economic value of water, willingness to pay.

scholarly journals Empirical Assessment of Good Governance in the Public Sector of Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maizatul Akmar Khalid ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Jamaliah Said
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
The Status ◽  
Questionnaire Respondent ◽  
Service Groups

To improve the trust of citizens and delivery of services, employing good governance principles in the public sector is very crucial. Despite efforts to improve service delivery, criticisms and complains toward public services remain evident. This study aims to assess the status of good governance practices in the public sector of Malaysia. Primary data were collected from the responses of 109 department heads under 24 federal ministries to a survey questionnaire. Respondent perception of good governance practices was measured using a seven-point Likert scale and analyzed by descriptive statistics and path measurement modeling. Standard diagnostic tests were also conducted to check the reliability of the data and model. Results indicated that nine factors were significant in the measurement of good governance practices. However, very few people in the public sector of Malaysia practice fraud control, which is at the lowest intensity. Among the service groups, the engineer group practiced good governance at the highest level, whereas the health service group practiced good governance at the lowest level. Therefore, still there are scopes available to improve good governance systems to become more reliable and efficient public sector in Malaysia. Findings of the study will help policy makers improve the efficiency of the public sector of Malaysia and other countries.

scholarly journals Public Accountability System: Empirical Assessment of Public Sector of Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamaliah Said ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Mohamad Azizal bin Abd Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
System P ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Status ◽  
Auditor General ◽  
Strongly Agree

As the recent Auditor General‟s report discovered some corruptions, weakness, and lack of control in asset management in the public sector of Malaysia, this study is an attempt to assess the status of current practices of accountability in public sector of Malaysia. This study collected primary data based on a set of questionnaire survey that was distributed by email using the Google Doc application among the head of department of 682 departments and agencies under 24 federal ministries including the Prime Minister Department in Malaysia. Finally, based on the email responses, the final sample of the study is 109 respondents. The data were collected based on the opinion about ten factors of accountability practices in the department or agency by using seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The data are analysed under descriptive statistics and factor analysis. Further, the reliability of the data is tested by using Cronbach alpha test, and the validity of data is tested by checking the normality of data through Shapiro Wilk test and graphically. Overall, 87.3% of the respondents mentioned that overall they practice accountability in their department. However, the priority of these ten factors of accountability differs among the services schemes. The accountability in the administrative & diplomatic, education, and medical & health is below the overall average accountability. The accountability in the financial and information system schemes is also not strong enough. Therefore the public sector in Malaysia needs to be transformed into becoming a reliable and efficient sector by ensuring proper accountability and its proper assessment system.

scholarly journals A Study on the Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs with Special Reference to Guwahati City

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 409-418
Author(s):  
Priyanka Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Work Conflict ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Status ◽  
Guwahati City ◽  
The City

Women entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. Entrepreneurship is an economic activity that involves designing, launching and running a new business enterprise in order to earn the profit by fully and efficiently utilizing the resources.The present paper tries to highlight the problems and prospects of women entrepreneurs with special reference to Guwahati city and makes analysis on the basis of the following criteria viz,age of the respondents, marital status of the respondents, educational qualification,years of experience,type of family,caste of the respondents,reason to start the business,motivation to start the business, marketing and financial problems faced by the women entrepreneurs, family-work conflict,production constraint faced by the women entrepreneurs, steps to be undertaken for development of women entrepreneurs etc and for analysis the researcher has conducted its study on the basis of primary data where the information were collected through well framed questionnaire meant for women entrepreneurs and secondary sources like journals,books,articles,websites etc.The paper also present certain findings of the study and also provide certain suggestions for improving the status of women entrepreneurs in the city.

scholarly journals Mobilitas Sosial Keluarga Transmigrasi Penempatan Tahun 1981 dan Keturunannya di Desa Krueng Itam Kecamatan Tadu Raya Kabupaten Nagan Raya

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Diah Hastuti ◽  
Ahmad Hamid ◽  
Edy Marsudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Abstrak. Mobilitas  sosial  merupakan  perpindahan  dari  suatu kelas sosial ke kelas sosial lainnya yang biasanya ditunjukkan melalui  pekerjaan sekarang yang berbeda dari pekerjaan sebelumnya. Salah satu keberhasilan dari adanya program transmigrasi adalah terjadinya mobilitas sosial ke arah yang lebih baik pada peserta transmigrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana mobilitas sosial yang terjadi pada peserta transmigrasi dan keturunannya, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar terjadi mobilitas vertikal antar generasi dan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat kesejahteraan keluarga transmigrasi menurut indikator BKKBN. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dilihat dari pekerjaan generasi I dan II tidak terjadi mobilitas sosial, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 66 responden yang terdiri dari 3 generasi yang mana pada generasi I dan generasi II pekerjaan mereka masih sebagai petani yang berubah hanya status pekerjaannya saja, namun pada generasi III selain responden bekerja sebagai petani ada responden yang bekerja sebagai pegawai/karyawan, dilihat dari pendidikan hanya generasi III yang pendidikannya lebih baik dibandingkan generasi sebelumnya, dan dilihat dari kepemilikan Aset generasi II dan III lebih baik dibandingkan generasi I nya. Mobilitas vertikal antar generasi terbesar yang terjadi adalah berdasarkan pendidikan yaitu sebesar 54,5%. Untuk pentahapan keluarga sejahtera menurut BKKBN, terdapat sebanyak 20,4% keluarga transmigrasi yang berada pada kategori Keluarga Prasejahtera, Keluarga Sejahtera I sebesar 75,9%, dan Keluarga Sejahtera II sebesar 3,7%.Transmigration Family Social Mobility In Placement In 1981 And Their Descendants In The Village Of  Krueng Itam Sub-District Of Tadu Raya Nagan Raya RegencyAbstract. Social mobility is the movement of a social class to other social classes are usually shown through the work now is different from previous work. One of the success of the transmigration program is social mobility towards better on participants transmigration. This study aims to determine how the social mobility that occurs in the transmigration of participants and their descendants, to know how big happening vertical mobility between generations and to identify the level of family welfare indicators transmigration according to BKKBN. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that the views of the work first generation and the second generation does not occur social mobility, with a total sample of 66 respondents consisting of three generations of which the first generation and the second generation of their work is still as farmers are changing only the status of the job, but at generation III besides the respondents worked as farmers there are respondents who worked as an employee/employees, viewed from education only generation III are better educated than previous generations, and the views of the ownership of generation assets II and III generation better than generation I. The vertical mobility between generations that happens is by education that is equal to 54.5%. For a prosperous family phasing BKKBN, there are as many as 20.4% of families transmigration in the category Pre-Welfare Family, Family Welfare I equal to 75.9%, and Family Welfare II amounted to 3.7%.

scholarly journals KAPASITAS PEREMPUAN TANI UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA DALAM MENGHADAPI ERA GLOBALISASI DI KOTA PEKANBARU

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Penti Suryani ◽  
Ahmad Darmawi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Women Farmers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Food ◽  
The City

This study aims to determine 1) the condition of household food security, 2) the factors that affect the capacity of women farmers in food consumption in order to achieve food security at the household level, 3) the factors that affect spending foodstuffs on the level households and 4) the capacity of women farmers to achieve household food security in the era of globalization in the city of Pekanbaru. This study uses a cross-sectional study design, located in four districts in the city of Pekanbaru namely District Tampan, District Marpoyan Damai, District and Sub-district Rumbai and Rumbai Pesisir. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire which was distributed to 100 respondents of women farmers selected by simple random sampling. Factors that affect the capacity of women farmers in achieving food security household level are: income, education and nutrition knowledge of women farmers. Factors that affect spending foodstuffs at the household level women farmers in the city of Pekanbaru is the price of rice, household income, number of household members and the level of education. Capacity of women farmers in food processing is still at the low level. Threats of globalization on food security in Pekanbaru city can be resolved by the farmer community empowerment program. Empowerment of women farmers not only to protect the rice trade, but also to uplift the lives of women farmers through programs that improve local agricultural businesses

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