scholarly journals Revisiting the distributional impacts of water subsidy policy in Chile: a historical analysis from 1998–2015

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1208-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dante Contreras ◽  
Andrés Gómez-Lobo ◽  
Isidora Palma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Subsidy Scheme ◽  
Distributional Incidence ◽  
Distributional Impacts ◽  
Made In

Abstract The distributional incidence of the Chilean water subsidy scheme is revisited by analyzing its evolution from 1998 to 2015. This is one of the only means-tested water subsidies in a developing country and is frequently used as an example in policy discussions and recommendations. Many changes have been introduced in the program since its inception and at least three different targeting instruments have been used to identify needy households in the last 20 years. We find that the incidence of the subsidy is progressive but moderate, with a Gini coefficient of close to 0.3. It has also remained stable between 1998 and 2015. The errors of inclusion and exclusion have also remained stubbornly high. These incidence results are surprising given the efforts made in the Chilean welfare system to target social benefits. Possible explanations for these results are given and compared to other developing country experiences.

scholarly journals Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Romania

2020 ◽  
pp. 361-377
Author(s):  
Irina Burlacu ◽  
Sorina Soare ◽  
Daniela Vintila
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Social Provisions

Abstract This chapter examines to what extent the Romanian welfare system covers resident citizens compared to foreigners residing in Romania and Romanians living abroad. In doing so, we analyse existing social policies aiming to ensure their coverage against a variety of risks at different life-cycle stages, including unemployment, poverty, sickness and old-age. The main conclusion is that the Romanian welfare state is open to all residents, regardless of their nationality, thus providing everyone equal grounds for accessing social benefits. The criterion of residence on the Romanian soil is, however, prevalent. This implies that relatively few social provisions are extended for non-resident Romanians, which represent an increasingly sizeable community given the intensity of migration outflows in recent years. Furthermore, the Romanian social protection system has had relatively little impact on reducing the risk of poverty and income inequality in the country, despite regular amendments during the last years.

scholarly journals Czy idea tak zwanej wtórnej legalności się broni?

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 401-420
Author(s):  
Jarosław Majewski
Keyword(s):  
Legal Culture ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

Is the idea of so-called “secondary legality” defensible?The aim of the study is critical analysis of the idea of so-called “secondary legality” of an act used by some jurists to explain types of behaviour falling into the category of circumstances excluding lawlessness of an act justification, namely to define the relation between such types of behaviour and the legal system as a whole, and the various sanctioned norms that are part of the system. First, the author examines the relation between the assumption that a type of behaviour which falls within the category of circumstances excluding lawlessness of an act constitutes a legal transgression of the sanctioned norm, and the basic assumptions made in the Polish legal culture concerning the process of creation and application of the law as well as its systematic analysis. He demonstrates that consistent use of the secondary legality category would require a considerable remodelling of these assumptions, above all, rejection of the assumption that legal norms are introduced to be met as well as all consequences stemming from this assumption as well as abandonment of the approach to the law as a set of legal norms that is internally cohesive. Next, the author analyses the internal aspects of the idea of secondary legality of an act. He demonstrates that it encompasses contradictory statements: on the one hand that justifi able behaviour constitutes socially harmful, negative and thus a typical attack on legal interest, and on the other hand that the social benefits ultimately outweigh losses in the case of justifiable behaviour. All the above justifies the author’s final conclusion that the category of secondary legality of an act is not useful.

scholarly journals Awqāf: Social Spending, Development Strategy and Financing

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Volker Nienhaus Volker Nienhaus
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Social Expenditures ◽  
Made In

A revitalization and development of old awqāf could generate notable revenues to finance social expenditures (although probably less than very optimistic estimates suggest). Awqāf should be conceived as institutions of the civil society, but they are actually managed by ministries or state agencies in most Muslim jurisdictions. Decisions on comprehensive awqāf development schemes should be made in a participatory setting that is compatible with the geographical coverage of waqf-based social benefits and gives awqāf beneficiaries an organized voice. The financing of revitalization projects can be supported by cash awqāf that can attract funds from people of all means. Further resources could be mobilized if fiqh and awqāf laws accept usufructs and financial rights as the basis for a waqf.

Mobile handset subsidy policy in Korea: historical analysis and evaluation

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-joo Kim ◽  
Sang-kyu Byun ◽  
Myeong-cheol Park
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Mobile Handset

Long Term Unemployment: The Case for Policy Reform

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Green Paper ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subsidy Scheme ◽  
Fundamental Challenge ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In

Long term unemployment is now Australia's most difficult and costly labour market problem. This paper argues the case for a different policy reorientation to what has been followed in the past. The first conclusion is that in the absence of a substantial reorientation of policy long term unemployment will remain very high, with the absolute number staying above the level inherited from the 1982/83 recession — which was until the current recession the highest in Australian history. Second, the equity and macroefficiency costs of not doing anything radically different are argued to be very high. A final part of the analysis considers the fundamental challenge of the Job Compact policy suggestion made in the Government's Green Paper on unemployment. However, the way in which the policy is to be instituted needs attention. It is likely that the use of the current JOBSTART wage subsidy scheme will not be enough to achieve the desired outcomes.

scholarly journals Evaluating Public Grants to Private Enterprise Where Information is Limited

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
P. J. Kuch
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Output Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Grant Proposals ◽  
Public Grant ◽  
Made In

This paper sets out a framework for evaluating public grants to private firms, where recommendation as to the social desirability of individual grant proposals must be made in the absence of information about alternative public expenditures and the optimality of the proposed output level. It is argued that a surplus of social benefits over social costs, as they are conventionally defined, is not sufficient to justify publicly subsidized production of a good in the private sector. It must also be the case that the recipient firm's production of the good will generate net external benefits at least as large as the proposed grant. The magnitude of the public grant can not be ignored on the grounds that it is merely an income transfer. In the case of publicly subsidized private production, the mechanism of public investment is a transfer of resources. Proper evaluation of a grant involves determining the extent to which this transfer will improve allocative efficiency as opposed to merely redistributing income.

scholarly journals The art of medicine: a developing country version

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
Naseeb Muhammad Irshadullah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Level Of Care ◽  
Academic Environment ◽  
Art Of Medicine ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Made In

‘The art of medicine’ is a commonly discussed topic in clinical medicine. It is that aspect of medical practice which makes the physicians more humane over medical scientists. Though frequently reminded by the teachers in academic environment, in a developing country like Bangladesh, the art of medicine is barely practised at any level of care. An effort is made in this article to depict the practice of medicine in developing countries mostly devoid of art, the reasons behind, and some suggestions. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(4) 2020 p.778-779

scholarly journals Nihil novi sub sole: The Need for Rethinking WTO and Green Subsidies in Light of United States – Renewable Energy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Douglas Nelson ◽  
Laura Puccio
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Energy Subsidies ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Robust Approach ◽  
Local Content ◽  
Subsidy Scheme ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract US–Renewable Energy is the last in a series of WTO disputes involving subsidies schemes with local content requirements. Local content requirements (LCRs) are highly discriminatory and trade distortive instruments and therefore all cases concerning green energy have been found to violate WTO law. However, recent jurisprudence has developed a different definition of prohibited LCRs under the GATT and the SCM agreement, the latter allowing for some leeway to define origin of products under a government subsidy scheme. Depending how the subsidy scheme is framed, it will be able to be excused from the GATT's more stringent prohibition of LCRs, this raises question of consistency in the application of the LCRs prohibition. Moreover, we review a simple and robust approach that modern welfare economics suggests for framing discussions of subsidy policy. We apply this approach to the case of renewable energy subsidies and discuss some complexities with respect to local content requirements. In conclusion, this allows us to critically assess and review proposals to increase coherence between WTO subsidy policy and green energy promotion policies and submit proposals to achieve better suited WTO subsidy rules.

scholarly journals História Urbana: a constituição de uma área de conhecimento

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Luís Octávio da Silva
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Diffusion Potential ◽  
Specific Field ◽  
International Impact ◽  
City History ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

Este artigo aponta e analisa os principais eventos, marcos e discussões que pautaram a emergência da história urbana como uma área de conhecimento específica. Ele tem como base principalmente as literaturas britânica e americana. Isso se deve ao papel de vanguarda que Grã-Bretanha e EUA desempenharam no desenvolvimento das análises históricas sobre a cidade, mas também ao potencial de difusão internacional dado pela própria língua em que essas contribuições foram feitas. O interesse, no âmbito desse trabalho, está muito mais nos marcos e referências ligados à constituição desse campo de conhecimento do que na produção historiográfica propriamente dita.Palavras-chave: História Urbana; cidade-história; urbanismo-história; epistemologia da História Urbana. Abstract: The aim of this article is to highlight and analyze the main events, markers and cases in point and discussions concerning the emergence of urban history as specific field of knowledge. Our focus will be on the events of international impact. This article is mainly based on British and American literature due to the innovative role played by UK and USA in the development of historical analysis concerning the city, as well as the diffusion potential given by the language on which these contributions were made. In this work our interest will be more on the marks and references concerning the constitution of this knowledge field rather than the historigraphic production itself. Keywords: Urban History; city history; urbanism history; epistemology of Urban History.

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