A multidimensional analysis of water poverty at local scale: application of improved water poverty index for Tunisia

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatem Jemmali ◽  
Mohamed Salah Matoussi
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Aggregate Index ◽  
Water Poverty Index ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tunisian Revolution ◽  
Economic Capacity

Combining the measure of water availability and the socio-economic capacity to access it gives new insights in the fields of water resources management and poverty alleviation. This approach lets researchers think about new multidimensional water scarcity indexes that have contributed to the definition of the water poverty index (WPI). The methodology first used for the calculation of this aggregate index was based on an equally weighted average of its five components (resources, capacity, access, use and environment). The main objective of this paper is to improve this procedure by using an objective weighting scheme. For this purpose we use principal component analysis to give more weight to components with larger variance and to discard components with very small ones. This improved WPI is applied in the case of Tunisia. We have obtained relevant results which could help policy makers to devise better policies to alleviate water poverty in the Inland region which was where the Tunisian revolution began.

Multidimensional analysis of the water-poverty nexus using a modified Water Poverty Index: a case study from Jordan

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatem Jemmali ◽  
Lina Abu-Ghunmi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Water Poverty Index ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Issues ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Water as a strategic natural resource is of fundamental importance for human development, prosperity, and poverty alleviation. Over the last three decades, Jordan's water resources have been severely degraded, threatening the livelihoods of countless people, particularly in rural and poor communities. The inadequate provision of water-related facilities has contributed to the rapid decline in quantity and degradation of quality in these communities. This study depicts the theoretical foundations and development of a water-focused and thematic indicator of poverty, which allow a comprehensive understanding of the crosscutting nature of water issues and impacts. It is with this in mind that a modified Water Poverty Index (mWPI) is developed herein to exemplify the utilization of the index, and to test its applicability and validity at the Jordanian governorate's level. The results show that water poverty fluctuates broadly between northern and southern regions suggesting a need for location-specific management plans and more targeted policy interventions. Overall, the mWPI, as a holistic tool, can assist decision-makers and other stakeholders in achieving sustainability and can be used to communicate the progress of sustainability to the wider community.

scholarly journals The use of principal component analysis for the construction of the Water Poverty Index

RBRH ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larynne Dantas de Senna ◽  
Adelena Gonçalves Maia ◽  
Joana Darc Freire de Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Water Poverty Index ◽  
Clear Identification ◽  
Natural Characteristics ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT In relation to water resources, indexes can be created to express the multiple dimensions involved with it to aid the planning and management of basins. In this regard, the Water Poverty Index is globally used, but one of its criticisms includes the subjectivity associated with how the sub-indexes are weighted. Therefore, in this study, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the sub-indexes’ weight: resource, access, capacity, use, and environment of the Seridó river basin. This new index with PCA presents an average range with broader values compared to methodologies without, allowing clear identification of the disparities among the cities and the possibility to better prioritize investments concerning water poverty reduction. Our results show that this approach makes it possible to qualitatively identify geographical locations that have greater water poverty compared to others. Additionally, with this approach, it can be determined whether water poverty is caused due to natural characteristics or deficits in water infrastructure investment, providing insight into social fragilities as well. Overall, the presented hierarchical tool in this study has a high value to improve the planning of water resource uses.

scholarly journals Application of the Water Poverty Index in border colonias of west Texas

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo E. Korc ◽  
Paula B. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Water Poverty Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Border Communities ◽  
Texas Border

This study applied the Water Poverty Index (WPI) in border colonias of west Texas. The colonias are mostly unincorporated communities located primarily in New Mexico and Texas along the border with Mexico and are characterized by high poverty rates and sub-standard living conditions. In Texas, access to drinking water and sanitation services has been identified as one of the most significant determinants of health in over 350 colonias with about 50,000 residents. The WPI is a multidimensional measure that links household welfare with water availability which has been applied primarily in water poor countries. WPI components were identified and prioritized by a wide range of state stakeholders. This study demonstrated that the WPI can be an effective tool in integrating physical, social, economic and environmental information and in determining priorities associated with the water situation in wealthy countries with water poor communities such as colonias. These results highlight the need to classify the water necessities of colonias using a comprehensive but simple assessment tool that integrates several factors and is not based solely on infrastructure. They provide information that can be used by policy makers to provide assistance to Texas border communities with the greatest need.

Application of Water Poverty Index in the Evaluation of Regional Water Resources Utilization

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2556-2560
Author(s):  
Ning Jiang ◽  
Qiang Fu ◽  
Ying Na Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Water Poverty Index ◽  
Forest Coverage ◽  
Internal Relationship ◽  
Regional Water ◽  
Water Resources Utilization

It is important to build the accurate internal relationship between the utilization degree of water resources and parameters of local economy in the evaluation of regional water resources utilization. Water poverty index (WPI) can solve this question properly. The WPI of every three years during 2000-2009 of Harbin is calculated by using weighted average method. The results show that WPI appears in an increasing trend during past 10 years in Harbin. If the following aspects can be improved in the future including controlling the pesticide and fertilizer, reducing water loss and soil erosion, increasing forest coverage, irrigation efficiency and investment in hydraulic construction, the utilization rate of water resources will be further improved.

KEBIJAKAN POLITIK KERUKUNAN ANTARAGAMA DI INDONESIA ERA REFORMASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-424
Author(s):  
Jamaluddin Jamaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
New Order ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Accommodation Space ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cultural Reality

Indonesian reformation era begins with the fall of President Suharto. Political transition and democratic transition impact in the religious life. Therefore, understandably, when the politic transition is not yet fully reflects the idealized conditions. In addition to the old paradigm that is still attached to the brain of policy makers, various policies to mirror the complexity of stuttering ruler to answer the challenges of religious life. This challenge cannot be separated from the hegemonic legacy of the past, including the politicization of SARA. Hegemony that took place during the New Order period, adversely affected the subsequent transition period. It seems among other things, with airings various conflicts nuances SARA previously muted, forced repressive. SARA issues arise as a result of the narrowing of the accommodation space of the nation state during the New Order regime. The New Order regime has reduced the definition of nation-states is only part of a group of people loyal to the government to deny the diversity of socio-cultural reality in it. To handle the inheritance, every regime in the reform era responds with a pattern and a different approach. It must be realized, that the post-reform era, Indonesia has had four changes of government. The leaders of every regime in the reform era have a different background and thus also have a vision that is different in treating the problem of racial intolerance, particularly against religious aspect. This treatment causes the accomplishment difference each different regimes of dealing with the diversity of race, religion and class that has become the hallmark of Indonesian society.

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs Through Microfinance - A Case of Rural Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saida Parvin
Keyword(s):  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Women’s empowerment has been at the centre of research focus for many decades. Extant literature examined the process, outcome and various challenges. Some claimed substantial success, while others contradicted with evidence of failure. But the success remains a matter of debate due to lack of empirical evidence of actual empowerment of women around the world. The current study aimed to address this gap by taking a case study method. The study critically evaluates 20 cases carefully sampled to include representatives from the entire country of Bangladesh. The study demonstrates popular beliefs about microfinance often misguide even the borrowers and they start living in a fabricated feeling of empowerment, facing real challenges to achieve true empowerment in their lives. The impact of this finding is twofold; firstly there is a theoretical contribution, where the definition of women’s empowerment is proposed to be revisited considering findings from these cases. And lastly, the policy makers at governmental and non-governmental organisations, and multinational donor agencies need to revise their assessment tools for funding.

scholarly journals To Weight or Not to Weight, That Is the Question: The Design of a Composite Indicator of Landscape Fragmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Andrea De Montis ◽  
Vittorio Serra ◽  
Giovanna Calia ◽  
Daniele Trogu ◽  
Antonio Ledda
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Expert Judgment ◽  
Landscape Fragmentation ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Composite indicators (CIs), i.e., combinations of many indicators in a unique synthetizing measure, are useful for disentangling multisector phenomena. Prominent questions concern indicators’ weighting, which implies time-consuming activities and should be properly justified. Landscape fragmentation (LF), the subdivision of habitats in smaller and more isolated patches, has been studied through the composite index of landscape fragmentation (CILF). It was originally proposed by us as an unweighted combination of three LF indicators for the study of the phenomenon in Sardinia, Italy. In this paper, we aim at presenting a weighted release of the CILF and at developing the Hamletian question of whether weighting is worthwhile or not. We focus on the sensitivity of the composite to different algorithms combining three weighting patterns (equalization, extraction by principal component analysis, and expert judgment) and three indicators aggregation rules (weighted average mean, weighted geometric mean, and weighted generalized geometric mean). The exercise provides the reader with meaningful results. Higher sensitivity values signal that the effort of weighting leads to more informative composites. Otherwise, high robustness does not mean that weighting was not worthwhile. Weighting per se can be beneficial for more acceptable and viable decisional processes.

Value assessment of antimicrobials and the implications for development, access, and funding of effective treatments: Australian stakeholder perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nadine T. Hillock ◽  
Tracy L. Merlin ◽  
Jonathan Karnon ◽  
John Turnidge ◽  
Jaklin Eliott
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Stakeholder Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Background The frameworks used by Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies for value assessment of medicines aim to optimize healthcare resource allocation. However, they may not be effective at capturing the value of antimicrobial drugs. Objectives To analyze stakeholder perceptions regarding how antimicrobials are assessed for value for reimbursement purposes and how the Australian HTA framework accommodates the unique attributes of antimicrobials in cost-effectiveness evaluation. Methods Eighteen individuals representing the pharmaceutical industry or policy-makers were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results Key emergent themes were that reimbursement decision-making should consider the antibiotic spectrum when assessing value, risk of shortages, the impact of procurement processes on low-priced comparators, and the need for methodological transparency when antimicrobials are incorporated into the economic evaluation of other treatments. Conclusions Participants agreed that the current HTA framework for antimicrobial value assessment is inadequate to properly inform funding decisions, as the contemporary definition of cost-effectiveness fails to explicitly incorporate the risk of future resistance. Policy-makers were uncertain about how to incorporate future resistance into economic evaluations without a systematic method to capture costs avoided due to good stewardship. Lacking financial reward for the benefits of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials, companies will likely focus on developing broad-spectrum agents with wider potential use. The perceived risks of shortages have influenced the funding of generic antimicrobials in Australia, with policy-makers suggesting a willingness to pay more for assured supply. Although antibiotics often underpin the effectiveness of other medicines, it is unclear how this is incorporated into economic models.

scholarly journals Multi-objective parametrization of interatomic potentials for large deformation pathways and fracture of two-dimensional materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Jeffrey T. Paci ◽  
Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Deformation ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Interatomic Potentials ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Two Dimensional Materials ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThis investigation presents a generally applicable framework for parameterizing interatomic potentials to accurately capture large deformation pathways. It incorporates a multi-objective genetic algorithm, training and screening property sets, and correlation and principal component analyses. The framework enables iterative definition of properties in the training and screening sets, guided by correlation relationships between properties, aiming to achieve optimal parametrizations for properties of interest. Specifically, the performance of increasingly complex potentials, Buckingham, Stillinger-Weber, Tersoff, and modified reactive empirical bond-order potentials are compared. Using MoSe2 as a case study, we demonstrate good reproducibility of training/screening properties and superior transferability. For MoSe2, the best performance is achieved using the Tersoff potential, which is ascribed to its apparent higher flexibility embedded in its functional form. These results should facilitate the selection and parametrization of interatomic potentials for exploring mechanical and phononic properties of a large library of two-dimensional and bulk materials.

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