The double tragedy of irrigation systems in Tamil Nadu, India: assessment of the replacement of traditional systems by private wells

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Kajisa
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Access Policy ◽  
Replacement Process ◽  
Traditional Irrigation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Private Wells

This paper investigates the impact of the replacement of traditional communal irrigation systems called tanks by modern irrigation systems, that is, private wells with pumps, using a village and household data set collected in Tamil Nadu, India. Our statistical analyses find that, once the tanks deteriorate, the rice yield of farmers who have no access to wells and thus rely solely on traditional irrigation systems will decrease, whereas those of farmers with well access will not be affected. Since compensation for yield loss by income diversification is difficult, the reduction of income is so large that poverty among farmers without well access increases. Our analyses also find that, even among farmers with well access, the dissemination of private wells results in no significant increase in net return or profit of rice cultivation, presumably because the overexploitation of groundwater increases the cost of irrigation and cancels out the well users' high revenue from high yield. In this way, the replacement process creates a double tragedy: increased poverty among farmers without well access and overexploitation and profit reduction among farmers with well access. Policy options to avoid the tragedy are discussed in the concluding section.

scholarly journals Predicting Field Efficiency of Round-Baling Operations in High-Yielding Biomass Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457
Author(s):  
Robert “Bobby” Grisso ◽  
John S. Cundiff ◽  
Erin G. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Throughput Capacity ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Biomass Crops ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Model simulations for bioenergy harvest planning need to utilize equipment-capacity relationships for equipment operating under the high-yield conditions typical of a biomass crop. These performance assumptions have a direct bearing on the estimates of machine capacity, the number of machines required, and, therefore, the cost to fulfill the biorefinery plant demands for a given harvest window. Typically, two major issues in these models have been poorly understood: the available time required to complete the harvest operation (often called probability of workdays) and the capacity of the harvest equipment as impacted by yield. Simulations use annual yield estimates, which incorporate weather events, to demonstrate year-to-year effects. Some simulations also incorporate potential yield increases from genetically modified energy crops. There are limited field performance data for most current forage equipment used for harvesting high-yield biomass crops. Analysis shows that the impact of wrap/eject time for round balers resulted in a 50% reduction in achieved throughput capacity (Mg/h). After the maximum throughput is reached, the cost of the round bale operation (3.23 USD/Mg) is double that of the large-square baler (1.63 USD/Mg). The round baler achieved throughput capacity is 50% less (32.7 Mg/h compared to 71.0 Mg/h) than the large-square baler.

Rank and File Employee Satisfaction and the Implied Cost of Equity Capital

2020 ◽  
pp. 0148558X2097194
Author(s):  
Jiajia Fu ◽  
Yuan Ji ◽  
Jiao Jing
Keyword(s):  
Employee Satisfaction ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Financing Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Market Benefits ◽  
The Impact

Rank and file employees execute firms’ daily operating activities, but prior research rarely examines their importance due to a lack of employee information. In this article, we use a novel data set—company reviews by rank and file employees—to provide evidence on the impact of employee satisfaction on a firm’s cost of equity capital. We find that firms with higher employee satisfaction have a lower cost of equity. Our results are robust to a variety of endogeneity tests and model specifications. We also find that the effect of employee satisfaction is more pronounced for firms with higher risk, greater financial constraints, and higher labor intensity or product market competition where labor is more critical to firm success. Further analysis shows that the negative association between employee satisfaction and the cost of equity is primarily grounded in reviews from current rather than former employees. Finally, we document that firms with high employee satisfaction experience lower systematic and idiosyncratic risk. Overall, our article presents novel evidence on the capital market benefits of higher employee satisfaction, particularly with regard to financing cost reduction.

scholarly journals MODELING THE IMPACTS OF E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES ON CORRUPTION REDUCTION IN RWANDA: A CASE EVIDENCE FROM NYAMASHEKE DISTRICT, RWANDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mweruli Fidele Tubanambazi ◽  
Eric Ruvuna
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Local Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Services Use

The study entitled modeling the impacts of e-government services on corruption reduction in Rwanda: Case evidence from Nyamasheke District, Rwanda was about assessing the contribution of e-government services use on reducing corruption in the area under study. The study was guided with the objective of exploring the utilization of multinomial logistic regression (MLR) in modeling the impact of e-government services on reduction status of corruption. In this regard, the MLR model was performed using a maximum likelihood estimation method on the data set collected to find the parameter estimates of the model describing the relationship between the explanatory and the outcome variables and determine the significance of the explanatory variables that contribute significantly to the reduction status of corruption in the area under study. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data from 381 respondents from the target population of 8041 using Solvin’s formula for sample size calculation. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview schedule techniques and analyzed using SPSS-23. In this analysis, the results show that on the total of eleven independent variables, the explanatory variables such as age, income, ownership of the devices used in applying for the local government services and the advice types were dropped from the training set of explanatory variables that contribute significantly to the reduction of corruption in the area under study. In model selection that overall fits well the data, the obtained variables that contributed significantly to the outcome variable were education, e-government services’ use status, cost of accessing e-government services and the e-government services types delivery. The parameters estimate of the selected model revealed that the variables that best predicted the probability of reducing corruption once the e-government services are delivered online were education, status of using e-government services, types of e-government services delivery online while the cost of accessing the e-government services decreased the logit (the probability) of reducing corruption. The main challenges faced by users of e-government services were the cost given while applying to these e-government services is high and lack of enough skills to cope with technological usage. Finally the study recommended that local leaders in the area under study should strengthen the online system in delivering local services to people, educate people to be aware about the use of e-government services since the more a person is educated the more is attempting to use e-government services and then reduce the cost of using e-government services while applying to the local services since this has been the only explanatory variable that decreased the logit of reducing corruption in the study area. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0790/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Financial Incentives Dampen Altruism in Online Prosocial Contributions: A Study of Online Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1361-1375
Author(s):  
Dandan Qiao ◽  
Shun-Yang Lee ◽  
Andrew B. Whinston ◽  
Qiang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Econometric Analyses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This paper uses a large Amazon review data set to examine the impact of financial incentives on prosocial contributions. The econometric analyses demonstrate a significant spillover effect, where product reviewers, after experiencing the receipt of financial incentives, tend to produce more positive but lower-quality unincentivized reviews subsequently. Theoretically, this paper advances our understanding of the interplay between financial incentives and prosocial behaviors through the lens of self-determination theory. Practically, this study provides insights into the design of online prosocial communities. Managers should not be enticed solely by an immediate increase in contribution quantity because the increased contribution volume might come at the cost of decreased quality in future unincentivized contributions. If platforms decide to provide financial incentives, they should target only altruistic contributors and limit the amount of incentives that an individual can receive. These findings provide important managerial implications for platforms hoping to motivate users’ prosocial contributions.

Quantitative assessment of the importance of dye switching and biological replication in cDNA microarray studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyu Liang ◽  
Amy G. Briggs ◽  
Elizabeth Rute ◽  
Andrew S. Greene ◽  
Allen W. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Cdna Microarray ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Biological Replication ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Microarray Studies ◽  
Labeling Method ◽  
The Impact

Dye switching and biological replication substantially increase the cost and the complexity of cDNA microarray studies. The objective of the present analysis was to quantitatively assess the importance of these procedures to provide a quantitative basis for decision-making in the design of microarray experiments. Taking advantage of the unique characteristics of a published data set, the impact of these procedures on the reliability of microarray results was calculated. Adding a second microarray with dye switching substantially increased the correlation coefficient between observed and predicted ln(ratio) values from 0.38 ± 0.06 to 0.62 ± 0.04 ( n = 12) and the outlier concordance from 21 ± 3% to 43 ± 4%. It also increased the correlation with the entire set of microarrays from 0.60 ± 0.04 to 0.79 ± 0.04 and the outlier concordance from 31 ± 6% to 58 ± 5% and tended to improve the correlation with Northern blot results. Adding a second microarray to include biological replication also improved the performance of these indices but often to a lesser degree. Inclusion of both procedures in the second microarray substantially improved the consistency with the entire set of microarrays but had minimal effect on the consistency with predicted results. Analysis of another data set generated using a different cDNA labeling method also supported a significant impact of dye switching. In conclusion, both dye switching and biological replication substantially increased the reliability of microarray results, with dye switching likely having even greater benefits. Recommendations regarding the use of these procedures were proposed.

Effects of Remittances on Health Expenditure and Treatment Cost of International Migrant Households in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mainul Islam ◽  
Sayema Haque Bidisha ◽  
Israt Jahan ◽  
Md. Biplob Hossain ◽  
Tanveer Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Migrant Households ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Remarkable Progress

The Bangladesh economy is characterized by remarkable progress in international migration, resulting in a considerable inflow of remittance. Although many studies have attempted to study the effect of foreign remittances on household expenditure patterns, no effort has been made to critically analyze the effects and implications of migration and remittance flow on migrant households’ health expenditure. This article attempts to explore the effect of remittance on the health expenditure of remittance recipient households (RRHs) and the impact of the cost of treatment. Descriptive and regression analyses and standard micro-econometric techniques were applied by analyzing the nationally representative household data set of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010 of Bangladesh. Results show that RRHs are more likely to spend more on health matters and more likely to have higher treatment costs than non-recipient households. Thus, remittances are significantly associated with health expenditure and the cost of treatment. International migration seems to be a household strategy characterized by a high expected return.

Does Food Price Subsidy Affect Dietary Diversity? Evidence from South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-290
Author(s):  
Umanath Malaiarasan ◽  
R. Paramasivam ◽  
K. Thomas Felix
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Price Subsidy ◽  
The Impact

The present study has tried to address the impact of subsidised rice distribution through the public distribution system on dietary diversity and nutrition intake in the state of Tamil Nadu in India as the state is considered a pioneer in introducing a number of food security programmes in India. We used National Sample Survey Organisation’s data for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12, and the propensity score matching technique to estimate the actual impact of the subsidy programme on food consumption patterns and nutrient intake, as the data-set used for analysis was subjected to non-randomisation and selection bias. The estimated results reveal that the subsidy on rice has significantly and positively impacted food consumption and nutritional intake across households, irrespective of income groups. The increased purchasing power of the poor due to the subsidy is limited to the staple food commodities—rice, millets, pulses and vegetables—whereas middle- and high-income households are more likely to consume high-value commodities such as fruits, processed food and livestock products, with a resultant higher gain in fat and calcium. Our study indicates that extending the price subsidy to nutritious foods, besides rice can help the poor diversify their diets towards healthy and nutrient-rich foods. JEL Codes: C5, C54, D01, D11, D12, Q11, Q18

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Age at Exposure to Parental Suicide and the Subsequent Risk of Suicide in Young People

Crisis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Ying Lee ◽  
Chung-Yi Li ◽  
Kun-Chia Chang ◽  
Tsung-Hsueh Lu ◽  
Ying-Yeh Chen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Birth Registry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parental Suicide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age At Exposure

Abstract. Background: We investigated the age at exposure to parental suicide and the risk of subsequent suicide completion in young people. The impact of parental and offspring sex was also examined. Method: Using a cohort study design, we linked Taiwan's Birth Registry (1978–1997) with Taiwan's Death Registry (1985–2009) and identified 40,249 children who had experienced maternal suicide (n = 14,431), paternal suicide (n = 26,887), or the suicide of both parents (n = 281). Each exposed child was matched to 10 children of the same sex and birth year whose parents were still alive. This yielded a total of 398,081 children for our non-exposed cohort. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the suicide risk of the exposed and non-exposed groups. Results: Compared with the non-exposed group, offspring who were exposed to parental suicide were 3.91 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.10–4.92 more likely to die by suicide after adjusting for baseline characteristics. The risk of suicide seemed to be lower in older male offspring (HR = 3.94, 95% CI = 2.57–6.06), but higher in older female offspring (HR = 5.30, 95% CI = 3.05–9.22). Stratified analyses based on parental sex revealed similar patterns as the combined analysis. Limitations: As only register-­based data were used, we were not able to explore the impact of variables not contained in the data set, such as the role of mental illness. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a prominent elevation in the risk of suicide among offspring who lost their parents to suicide. The risk elevation differed according to the sex of the afflicted offspring as well as to their age at exposure.

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