The economic value of basin protection to improve the quality and reliability of potable water supply: the case of Loja, Ecuador

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Zapata ◽  
Holger M. Benavides ◽  
Carlos E. Carpio ◽  
David B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
The Individual

The objective of this study was to estimate the economic value that people living in Loja, Ecuador, place on the protection of two basins when the protection is designed to improve both the quality and reliability of the water supply for human consumption by urban residents. Empirical results indicate that households have an average willingness to pay (WTP) of $5.80 per month to preserve the basins. The main variables affecting WTP are current monthly water cost, perception about the fairness of the existing water price, the number of hours that service is available, and the gender of the individual interviewed. The results of this study, and the later implementation by the Loja City Municipality of a basin protection project funded through a fee on water users, provide evidence that households at all income levels strongly support and are willing to pay for a project that has the potential to improve the quality of water services and protect the environment.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Total Phosphorus Dispersion in Lake Used As a Municipal Water Supply

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1505-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
RÔMULO C. LIMA ◽  
ANDRÉ L.A. MESQUITA ◽  
CLAUDIO J.C. BLANCO ◽  
MARIA DE LOURDES S. SANTOS ◽  
YVES SECRETAN
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Diffusion Reaction ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Dimensional Equation

ABSTRACTIn Belém city is located the potable water supply system of its metropolitan area, which includes, in addition to this city, four more municipalities. In this water supply complex is the Água Preta lake, which serves as a reservoir for the water pumped from the Guamá river. Due to the great importance of this lake for this system, several works have been devoted to its study, from the monitoring of the quality of its waters to its hydrodynamic modeling. This paper presents the results obtained by computer simulation of the phosphorus dispersion within this reservoir by the numerical solution of two-dimensional equation of advection-diffusion-reaction by the method θ/SUPG. Comparing these results with data concentration of total phosphorus collected from November 2008 to October 2009 and from satellite photos show that the biggest polluters of the water of this lake are the domestic sewage dumps from the population living in its vicinity. The results obtained indicate the need for more information for more precise quantitative analysis. However, they show that the phosphorus brought by the Guamá river water is consumed in an area adjacent to the canal that carries this water into the lake. Phosphorus deposits in the lake bottom should be monitored to verify their behavior, thus preventing the quality of water maintained therein.

scholarly journals The Quality of Water Used for Potable Water Supply Systems in Kazan

Georesursy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Musin ◽  
◽  
N.A. Kurlianov ◽  
Z.G. Fayzrahmanova ◽  
R.Z. Musina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Supply Systems

scholarly journals HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AND RISKS FOR THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE PRIMORYE TERRITORY

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel F. Kiku ◽  
L. V. Kislitsyna ◽  
V. D. Bogdanova ◽  
K. M. Sabirova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Individual

Ntroduction. The assessment of water quality and safety of centralized water supply systems in the Primorsky Krai was carried out in order to assess hygiene levels of public health risks associated with drinking water from the distribution network. Material and methods. The data of laboratory studies on sanitary and chemical parameters in drinking water of the distribution network of the Primorsky region were used. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was carried out according to regulatory requirements, the effect of summation of biological effect was calculated. The work used methodological recommendations for calculating the index of chemical water pollution and the utility coefficient, as well as a guide for assessing the health risks of the population when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated for all potable water of centralized water supply based on the average daily intake dose and the reference dose of chemicals supplied with drinking water. The risk profile for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was achieved by comparing exposure levels with reference concentrations (safe) for human health. The risk profile for the combined effects of chemical compounds is based on the calculation of the hazard index (HI). A study on carcinogenic risk was carried out for substances that are identified as carcinogens according to the classification of an international agency for the study of cancer. For the analysis and statistical processing of information, the program "MS Excel" was used. Results. An assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological safety of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the region showed that the highest contribution to poor health is made by the content of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon, and petroleum products in drinking water. According to the values of hazard indices, the skin and mucous membranes, the central nervous system, the immune system, the endocrine system, the circulatory and digestive organs are exposed to adverse effects from chemicals in drinking water. The individual carcinogenic risk ranges from negligibly small to the upper limit of acceptable carcinogenic risk. Assessment of the potable water value indicator revealed a deficit situation in calcium, sodium, fluorine and general mineralization of water. The risk assessment for arsenic, tetrachlorethylene, and chloroform, which have carcinogenic properties and are the most important pollutants of drinking water, has shown that the individual risk levels for these substances are within the first and second ranges, which corresponds to the allowable and maximum allowable risk. Discussion. Arsenic concentration in adults was found to be not detected with risks greater than one, while for children, the non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic exceeded the level of safe exposure (HQ> 1), because children are more susceptible to toxic substances due to their relatively large volume of respiration and the rate of gastrointestinal absorption (due to greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium), and also due to the immature system of detoxification enzymes and a relatively lower rate of excretion of toxic chemicals. According to the level of non-carcinogenic risk for children, nitrates follow arsenic. Nitrates have a hypoxic effect, increasing the concentration of the irreversible form of hemoglobin - methemoglobin. The toxicity of nitrates is related to their transformation into the human body into nitrosamines. As a result, the child's organism responds more sharply than in adults to the presence of chemicals in the water. The general mineralization of drinking water is one of the integral index of the quality of drinking water. Calcium and magnesium deficiency can be an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases and manifest pathologies of the cardiovascular system: coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, myocardial infarction, etc. The tap water is known to be is not overloaded with carbonates, since they can lead to spoilage of water pipes. Therefore, to enrich the water with calcium and magnesium, the technology of creating bottled water uses mineral additives, which means that such water can become an additional source of minerals. Conclusion. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the Primorsky Territory has shown that the quality of drinking water depends on the concentration of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon and petroleum products. It should be noted that with the daily use of water from the distribution network throughout life, the likelihood of developing harmful effects on the health of adults and children is insignificant.

scholarly journals Protection of Water Based and Water Abstraction Sites in Hungary Based on Studies in Győr

Hadmérnök ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-203
Author(s):  
Krisztina Takács
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Activity Maximum ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Maximum Protection

Water is indispensable for life and social activity, the most widely used on Earth. Today, an increasing problem is the production of sufficient quantity and quality of potable water for mankind. In order to ensure the supply of water, nowadays we must pay special attention, since it is intended to provide the consumer with adequate quality and quantity of water from a public health point of view. This also includes proper protection of water bases, which prevents any harmful substances or dirt from entering the water. Potable water supply is a special task, since in all circumstances it is necessary to ensure the smooth operation of the population. For this activity, maximum protection of the water bases and the water supply system is essential, which I will examine for Hungary, and I will also present a practical example."This article was prepared by the Ministry of Human Resources with the support of NewNational Excellence Program ÚNKP-18-3-INKE-105".

Planning Water Quality: Potable and Subpotable Water at Selinus and Priene

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Alternative Delivery

Today when the rigors of an arid climate (Arabia) or other constraints on water resources press the limits of water supply, hydraulic engineers have to reconsider the nineteenth century answer of one quality of water for all uses. In places where population density far exceeds the supply of potable water—Hong Kong—or where the scanty spring water is not enough to support the massive tourist industry—Bermuda—(Deb, 1987, 222) there is no choice but to use subpotable or nonpotable water whenever feasible. Absolute scarcity of drinking-quality water is the strongest reason for water managers today to consider alternate procedures, but in some situations the quality not quantity of water is the issue. Heavy metals, long-lasting pesticides, or other carcinogens may require separation of the purest supply for drinking and cooking from the less pure supply for other uses, lest the water itself cause disease during a lifetime of use. Since potable water amounts to a small fraction of use in a modern city—6 percent or less (J. Thapa, personal communication)—alternative delivery systems for that small amount may be feasible, with the main systems delivering subpotable water for bathing, cleaning, watering lawns, and so on, and nonpotable water for industry or irrigation. It is easier to contemplate in theory these logical divisions than to make actual plans for altering the delivery system in metropolitan water districts. Political and economic realities restrict change in built-up areas unless the danger is severe, but in some new suburbs in Florida dual pipelines are laid for potable water inside the house and subpotable outside. Drinking bottled water is becoming more common. Many municipal water systems now supply partially purified (nonpotable) water to industry for cooling or other processes. Still, these new ideas have not been widely implemented to date. It is unexpected, then, to find that the ancient Greeks had just such a triple system of water supply and reuse. Each Greek city had both public fountains and springs supplying flowing water of the best quality, and private cisterns in houses and public buildings to supply still water of good quality, plus a drain system that led used water outside the city.

scholarly journals Management of water resources in semi-arid: assessment of the drinking water supply in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi-RN

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-319
Author(s):  
Jorge Luís de Oliveira Pinto Filho ◽  
Alana Ticiane Alves do Rêgo ◽  
Anderson Rodrigo da Silva Lunes
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Supply Systems

Water is a natural resource, present in metabolic processes of living beings, which has been used for various purposes, especially human consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the system of supply and the quality of water for human consumption in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi, RN. The methodology consisted of identifying and evaluating the supply system as well as the quality of the water from the environmental perception and physical-chemical and biological analyses in water. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and Total Residue showed standards required for human consumption according to values ​​presented by current legislation. On the other hand, the results for pH parameters, total coliforms, and coliforms Escherichia coli type termotolerantes showed disagreement in accordance with the laws concerning the limits established for water bodies of water intended for human consumption. The infrastructural conditions of water supply systems, as well as the physical and chemical parameters of untreated water, were considered unsatisfactory.

Reflecting the Sky in Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Cristofaro
Keyword(s):  
The Unconscious ◽  
Related Case ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Phenomenological Perspective ◽  
Auto Ethnography ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Artificial Water ◽  
Land Water

From a phenomenological perspective, the reflective quality of water has a visually dramatic impact, especially when combined with the light of celestial phenomena. However, the possible presence of water as a means for reflecting the sky is often undervalued when interpreting archaeoastronomical sites. From artificial water spaces, such as ditches, huacas and wells to natural ones such as rivers, lakes and puddles, water spaces add a layer of interacting reflections to landscapes. In the cosmological understanding of skyscapes and waterscapes, a cross-cultural metaphorical association between water spaces and the underworld is often revealed. In this research, water-skyscapes are explored through the practice of auto-ethnography and reflexive phenomenology. The mirroring of the sky in water opens up themes such as the continuity, delimitation and manipulation of sky phenomena on land: water spaces act as a continuation of the sky on earth; depending on water spaces’ spatial extension, selected celestial phenomena can be periodically reflected within architectures, so as to make the heavenly dimension easily accessible and a possible object of manipulation. Water-skyscapes appear as specular worlds, where water spaces are assumed to be doorways to the inner reality of the unconscious. The fluid properties of water have the visual effect of dissipating borders, of merging shapes, and, therefore, of dissolving identities; in the inner landscape, this process may represent symbolic death experiences and rituals of initiation, where the annihilation of the individual allows the creative process of a new life cycle. These contextually generalisable results aim to inspire new perspectives on sky-and-water related case studies and give value to the practice of reflexive phenomenology as crucial method of research.

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