Comparing the conservation effectiveness of private water transactions and public policy reforms in the conserving California landscapes initiative

Water Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Duane ◽  
Jeff J. Opperman
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Federal Contracts ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Water Impoundment

Recent efforts by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to reduce the environmental impacts of water impoundment and diversion have pursued two distinct but interacting strategies in California's complex water resources management system: (1) the private acquisition of water rights (wherein the NGO dealt directly with a private citizen and purchased water rights through a willing seller model) for instream or environmental flows or, through water rights transfers, in order to avoid further diversion of groundwater or surface water that could cause environmental harms and (2) active participation in public policy-making processes that attempt to influence the implementation of regulatory mechanisms, federal contracts or other forms of governmental influence to affect the diversion of water or the allocation of water rights in ways that directly address the environmental consequences of water impoundment or diversion. Determining the relative effectiveness of these two distinct (but complementary) strategies and how they interact is therefore relevant to a wide range of water stakeholders. This article compares the relative effectiveness of these two approaches, as well as their interactions, through an evaluation of efforts funded by the Packard Foundation in its Conserving California Landscapes Initiative from 1998–2002.

Regulation and Policy Reforms

2010 ◽  
pp. 68-103
Author(s):  
Sylvie Albert ◽  
Don Flournoy ◽  
Rolland LeBrasseur
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Open Source ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Collaborative Culture ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Policy Information ◽  
Local Impact

This chapter examines the following ideas on regulation and public policy: • Information societies are enabled by regulations and public policies that support open communications; • Government, business and public sector collaboration is key to establishing policies that lead to economic and social development; • Open source applications, products and collaborative culture are accelerated by adopting universal technical standards; • To be sustained, accessibility to the Internet and keeping it free and open requires some vigilance; • Ways must be devised to assess the local impact of policy and regulations and to provide next steps.

Introducing social innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Baglioni ◽  
Stephen Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Public Organisations

The introductory chapter outlines some of the major social changes (e.g. in demography, employment and labour markets) which pose significant challenges to established social welfare systems. It discusses how and why social innovation has emerged and been promoted as a response to these challenges. The chapter clarifies the meaning of social innovation by considering how it has been defined, and explains how it relates to innovation in technology and business, and how it differs from social enterprise. Examples of social innovations are provided which illustrate the wide range of activities and diverse forms they take. A typology is provided to classify these variants. The nature of innovation within public organisations is discussed (i.e. intrepreneurialism). The chapter concludes by setting out some of the questions which should be asked of social innovation in relation to social and public policy reform.

Understanding and Analyzing Natural Hazards Governance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Wide Range

Governance is a complex, highly elastic term used in a wide range of settings which sometimes leads to ambiguity. As a result, defining natural hazards governance as a unique and specific construct is needed for conceptual clarity and analytic precision. At core, natural hazards governance pertains to two fundamental considerations: reducing risk and promoting resilience. While not always recognized as such in the hazards and disasters literature, risk reduction and resilience promotion are two pure public goods. But they are also highly complex public goods—amalgams of a series of distinct but interrelated public policy choices and the administrative systems that put those choices into effect. To understand better a logic for defining and assessing natural hazards governance it is essential to consider it as a set of explicitly collective choices over the production of a complex of public goods aimed at addressing hazards risk reduction and promoting resilience within or across defined political jurisdictions. Those choices create frameworks permitting a set of authoritative actions (lawful and legitimate) to be stated and executed by governmental entities, by non-governmental agents on their behalf (in some form), or for goods and services to be jointly co-produced by governmental and non-governmental actors. Those collective choices in a given setting are influenced by the institutional structure of formal public policy decision-making, which itself reflects variations in the political efficacy of community members, competing interests and incentives over policy preferences, and level of extant knowledge and understanding of critical challenges associated with given hazards. Those formal collective choices are also reflective of a broader cultural context shaping norms of behavior and conception of the relationship between communities and hazards.

Public Opinion and Public Policy: Heroin and Other Opioids

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Kyle Cook ◽  
Henry H. Brownstein
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complicated Situation ◽  
Prescription Opioid Abuse

Virginia, much like other states, has experienced unprecedented rates of heroin and prescription opioid abuse, overdoses, and deaths. Given the wide range of competing voices concerning drug policy and the complicated situation of the contemporary opioid epidemic, this study examines whether public opinion is reflected in public policy toward illicit involvement with opioids. The 2016 Commonwealth Public Policy Survey, a statewide representative sample of 1,000 Virginia residents, found that Virginians are supportive of treatment over arrest for heroin and prescription pill abusers and factors such as race, education, and political affiliation are predictive of support for treatment over arrest. More importantly, the results of this poll converge with legislative policies of the 2017 General Assembly, supporting the notion that public support can have an influence on the policymaking process. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Bacterial Relationships in Aquaponics: New Research Directions

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Joyce ◽  
Mike Timmons ◽  
Simon Goddek ◽  
Timea Pentz
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Recirculating Aquaculture ◽  
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
New Research ◽  
System 1

AbstractThe growth rates and welfare of fish and the quality of plant production in aquaponics system rely on the composition and health of the system’s microbiota. The overall productivity depends on technical specifications for water quality and its movement amongst components of the system, including a wide range of parameters  including factors such as pH and flow rates which ensure that microbial components can act effectively in nitrification and remineralization processes. In this chapter, we explore current research examining the role of microbial communities in three units of an aquaponics system: (1) the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for fish production which includes biofiltration systems for denitrification; (2) the hydroponics units for plant production; and (3) biofilters and bioreactors, including sludge digester systems (SDS) involved in microbial decomposition and recovery/remineralization of solid wastes. In the various sub-disciplines related to each of these components, there is existing literature about microbial communities and their importance within each system (e.g. recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), hydroponics, biofilters and digesters), but there is currently limited work examining interactions between these components in aquaponics system, thus making it an important area for further research.

The Fiscal Advisory Functions of United Nations Technical Assistance

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Simon Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
International Assistance ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Wide Range

Economic development involves the whole society of the developing country. The help that foreign countries can give in the process of development is necessarily limited, both in amount and in character. The United Nations has concentrated its aid to developing countries on “technical assistance”—a term that covers a wide range of activities. Along with help and instruction in particular techniques of industry and other such activities, UN technical assistance has also encompassed help and advice in matters of public administration and the execution of public policy in matters affecting development. Public finance is a field of special importance in this connection, both because of its direct importance to the process of development and because its complexity provides the need and opportunity for international assistance. The process of financing is intimately linked with every single activity in the economy and, therefore, the study of these problems affects every phase of economic development. Moreover, in countries which are still at the early stages of development, public finance must necessarily be used to support a nascent private enterprise sector. There is a need for providing social overhead and a necessity for adjusting the revenue system to the requirements of productive investment without eroding the base to an extent which would make it impossible to mobilize the funds needed for economic expansion.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Dynamics of a Rod/Sphere Organoceramic Composite Liquid

1992 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Tracy ◽  
R. Pecora
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Molecular Composites ◽  
Ceramic Precursors ◽  
Rigid Rod ◽  
System 1

ABSTRACTComposite liquids – liquids composed of polymers, particles, and small molecule solvents – constitute an important class of synthetic and naturally occurring materials. Examples include molecular composites, ceramic precursors, lubricants, adhesives, and the cytoplasm in biological cells. Due to the complexity of these liquids, experimental studies of precisely defined systems are essential in developing an understanding of the interactions between all components in the liquid. Unfortunately, such fundamental studies have been relatively rare due to both the difficulty of synthesizing precisely defined composite liquids and the lack of adequate experimental methods to monitor the motions of the various constituents.We have recently reported the synthesis, characterization and some studies of the dynamics of a rod/sphere composite liquid system [1]. In our case the “polymer” constituent is a rigid rod polymer, poly(γ-benzyl-α,L-glutamate) (PBLG). Rigid rod polymers are frequently used in composite liquids as viscosity enhancers. PBLG is commercially available in a wide range of molecular weights and its static and dynamic behavior in dilute and nondilute solutions has been studied. It, in addition, forms mesophases in the concentrated regime. The ceramic “particles” in our composite liquid are coated silica spheres. These spheres are synthesized by the method of Stober et. al. [2] and coated with an organic coating (3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM)) following a procedure based on that of Philipse et. al. [3] to render them dispersible in organic solvents. The spheres with sizes in the range from 10 nm up to almost 1μm can be synthesized with a relatively narrow size distribution. The solvent in our studies is dimethylformamide (DMF). Both polymer and particle are dispersible as singlets (nonaggregating) in these solvents and the PBLG retains its rigid (or nearly rigid) rod conformation. The diffusion of both the polymer and the sphere in the composite liquid is measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) [4]. In this paper, we focus on the spheres and examine the effects of rod concentration and rod length on the diffusion of different size spheres. This study suggests that the solution microstructure has an important influence on sphere diffusion.

THE ORIENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT OF FORMS OF COMMUNICATIVE INFLUENCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ON THE PUBLIC POLICY

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Iryna Vіtalіivna Chaplay
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
Wide Range

The article presents the theoretical and methodological foundations of the development of forms of communicative influence of civil society on the public policy, provides the main methods and conditions of their use for gaining advantages in solving problems of public-management relations. A wide range of issues related to the peculiarities of public relations organization, taking into account domestic and foreign experience, is covered. The specifics of the use of marketing communications in communicating of public authorities with the public are shown. It is substantiated that in the institutional sense, the greatest interest is the classification, depending on the scope of distribution. The public, when communicating with government, through certain communication tools, is called the external form of communication. The external forms of the communicative influence of civil society on state policy help them convey to the state authorities the necessary information about their thoughts, needs, requests, etc. Of course, such information should be constantly updated and accurate. All non-governmental organizations should maintain friendly relations with state organizations and prevent any misinformation of the latter. At the same time, informatization of public administration contains both positive potential and difficulties and contradictions, neglection which, as practice shows, turns negative result. To date, they are insufficiently developed and require scientific comprehension and substantiation, in particular, the issue of organizational, regulatory and legal support for the implementation and implementation of modern marketing tools and management in public administration. Concerning the prospects for further research on the concept of "the form of communicative influence of civil society on state policy", they consist in streamlining its conceptual apparatus as the basis for improving its system, since incomplete and inaccurate information becomes, as a result, the cause of many problems in the system of reforming public administration .

E-Government and Citizen Participation in Chile

2010 ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Araya Moreno ◽  
Diego Barría Traverso
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interactive Applications ◽  
International Assessments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Government Deficit ◽  
Available Information

Various international assessments have drawn attention to the level of development e-government has reached in Chile during the early 2000s. Despite this, even official reports recognize that there is an e-government deficit in opening spaces for citizen participation. These results coincide with several works which have shown the limits the State of Chile put to citizen participation. This chapter analyzes the participation supply that the websites of Chilean ministries offer the citizenry. We describe the existing interactive applications offered by the websites, and the possibilities they make available for citizens to participate in public policy discussions. Our conclusion is that there is a wide range of available information regarding ministerial management but, on the other; the lack of participatory mechanisms is confirmed. These results can be understood if considering that within the Chilean public administration a managerial predisposition exists, which makes open participation spaces subordinated to prevailing managerial logics.

Considering the Role of E-government in Cybercrime Awareness and Prevention

2011 ◽  
pp. 221-233
Author(s):  
J. Mitchell Miller ◽  
George E. Higgins ◽  
Kristina M. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Program Development ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intellectual Property Theft

Cybercrime has exponentially increased in recent years as an unavoidable byproduct of greater internet use, generally, and presents a wide range of criminal threats to large companies and individuals alike. While cyber offenses (e.g., cyberharassment, cyberstalking, identity theft, and intellectual property theft) and their address have been examined across diverse academic disciplines including criminology, electrical engineering, sociology, and computer science, minimal consideration has been given to the role of e-government in combating cybercrime – a somewhat ironic oversight given the computerized context of both. After reviewing the nature of cybercrime, this chapter considers e-government policies addressing cybercrime awareness, prevention, and victimization services. Discussion centers on the prospects for cybercrime theoretical research program development toward best practices public policy.

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