Poverty reduction and water governance: lessons from and problems in Northwestern China

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desheng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Average Proportion

Great achievements have been made in poverty reduction in Northwestern China, an area which contains a higher than average proportion of 55 different ethnic minority groups, with over half of the villagers being self-supporting, and where the main factors leading to poverty are adverse natural conditions, shortage of available water, weak infrastructure and backward social development. By analyzing the institutional framework relating to the water sector and the meeting of different water requirements (i.e., the human right to water, the environmental right to water, and economic development), as well as presenting case studies on two model villages and two kinds of important water infrastructures (i.e., the water split and silt dam), the role of good water governance in China's development-oriented poverty reduction process is identified, with particular focus on lessons that can be learned. In conclusion, lessons are drawn from the aspects of policy and management, balancing different and competitive water requirements as well as short-term and long-term benefits of the poor, and stakeholder participation.

Electoral Systems and Ethnic Minority Representation

2017 ◽  
pp. 158-174
Author(s):  
David Lublin ◽  
Shaun Bowler
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Minority Representation ◽  
Ethnic Geography

Every democratic process short of unanimity produces opinion minorities. Political divisions along anchored demographic characteristics like language, religion, race, or ethnicity challenge pluralist models of governance by threatening to entrench the exclusion of minority groups from political power. Especially when attuned to ethnic geography, electoral engineering through manipulation of the electoral system and other rules governing the electoral process, such as boundary delimitation, reserved seats, ballot-access requirements, and ethnic party bans, can help promote either inclusion or exclusion of minorities. Ensuring long-term interethnic peace has proved more difficult. Scholars continue to grapple with how to ensure minority inclusion without freezing existing divisions.

scholarly journals Addressing inequities in maternal health among women living in communities of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Fernandez Turienzo ◽  
◽  
Mary Newburn ◽  
Agnes Agyepong ◽  
Rachael Buabeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Disadvantage ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe response to the coronavirus outbreak and how the disease and its societal consequences pose risks to already vulnerable groups such those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged and ethnic minority groups. Researchers and community groups analysed how the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated persisting vulnerabilities, socio-economic and structural disadvantage and discrimination faced by many communities of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity, and discussed future strategies on how best to engage and involve local groups in research to improve outcomes for childbearing women experiencing mental illness and those living in areas of social disadvantage and ethnic diversity. Discussions centred around: access, engagement and quality of care; racism, discrimination and trust; the need for engagement with community stakeholders; and the impact of wider social and economic inequalities. Addressing biomedical factors alone is not sufficient, and integrative and holistic long-term public health strategies that address societal and structural racism and overall disadvantage in society are urgently needed to improve health disparities and can only be implemented in partnership with local communities.

scholarly journals Exploring the Road to Agricultural Sustainability by Assessing the EU Debt Influencing Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2465
Author(s):  
Laura Brad ◽  
Gabriel Popescu ◽  
Alina Zaharia ◽  
Maria Claudia Diaconeasa ◽  
Daniela Mihai
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Debt ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Periodic Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The importance of agricultural financing in ensuring food security and safety, jobs, poverty reduction, economic growth and more recently, climate change mitigation, natural resource conservation and sustainable development imposes periodic analysis of the factors which might influence the farmers’ financial situation, in order to improve it. One way of assessing this is to analyze the agricultural debt. In this context, based on previous models, the paper aims to assess the impact of specific factors on the agricultural debt level in the European Union during 2008–2015, as these should be considered in future common agriculture policies as well as in achieving sustainable agriculture. The research was conducted based on econometric techniques, by applying panel models in the Eviews 7.0 software-64 bit version. More than 20 variables were considered in the analysis. Some of the findings suggest that an increase in subsidies as well as the share of cash flow in the total existing capital would determine considerable reductions of the total debt. Decoupled subsidies seem to have a higher impact than coupled subsidies on short term debt, while its value is between the one found for coupled subsidies in the case of long term debt. Large farms/companies, to which decoupled payments are granted, have higher debts on long run and on total debt. The same units, to which coupled subsidies were granted, have smaller short-term debt. In contrast, the increases of labor costs, fixed costs, and crop/livestock costs lead to an increase in the total debt, since the farms require additional financial resources to cover the expanded costs. Also, the results suggest that short-term debts are mainly formed of long-term loans that reached maturity. In this case, the authors support the idea of differentiated financing programs for the agricultural activities because of their peculiarities and reinforced by the need to turn the intensive agriculture into a sustainable and plentiful one.

scholarly journals Food-for-work for poverty reduction and the promotion of sustainable land use: can it work?

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEIN HOLDEN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER B. BARRETT ◽  
FITSUM HAGOS
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Labor Allocation ◽  
Project Outcomes ◽  
Private Investments ◽  
Crowd Out

Food-for-work (FFW) programs are commonly used both for short-term relief and long-term development purposes. This paper assesses the potential of FFW programs to reduce poverty and promote sustainable land use in the longer run. There is a danger that such programs distort labor allocation or crowd out private investments and therefore have unintended negative effects. We explore this issue using survey evidence from northern Ethiopia that we use to motivate a simple theoretical model, a more detailed version of which we then implement through an applied bio-economic model calibrated to northern Ethiopia. The analysis explores how FFW project outcomes may depend on FFW project design, market conditions, and technology characteristics. We show that FFW programs may either crowd out or crowd in private investments and highlight factors that condition whether FFW promotes or undercuts sustainable land use.

scholarly journals Remote sensing-based soil water balance for irrigation water accounting at the Spanish Iberian Peninsula

2018 ◽  
Vol 380 ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Garrido-Rubio ◽  
Alfonso Calera Belmonte ◽  
Lorena Fraile Enguita ◽  
Irene Arellano Alcázar ◽  
Mario Belmonte Mancebo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Water Accounting

Abstract. Temporal series maps of irrigated areas, and the corresponding irrigation water requirements based on remote sensing, is a recognized tool contributing to water governance at different scales, from water user associations to whole river basin districts. These thematic cartographies offer a first estimation of the crop irrigation requirements, and a biophysical based approach of the temporal and spatial distribution of the crop water use in the cultivated areas. This work describes the operational application of these methodologies, providing valuable information for water governance and management purposes. The basic products obtained in the whole Spanish part of the Iberian Peninsula during the period 2014–2017 were: (i) annual maps of irrigated crops based on time series of multispectral satellite imagery; and (ii) the direct remote sensing-based water accounting, by quantifying agricultural water flows (e.g. rainfall, irrigation, evapotranspiration, drainage and recharge), through a remote sensing-based soil water balance. Hence this paper provides a remote sensing based water accounting approach, which relies on dense time series of multispectral imagery acquired by the multisensor constellation arranged by Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellites, jointly with meteorological data and agronomic knowledge. Then, based on these purpose and approach, annual and monthly maps of net irrigation water requirements have been elaborated at the most practical spatial and temporal scales for water governance purposes over big areas such river basin districts. This work summarizes the methodologies used and discuss the technical and non-technical feasibility of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals Uneven Humanitarianism: Abandoned Refugees along the Thai-Myanmar Border

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Tani Sebro
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
British Colonial

This essay considers the case of uneven humanitarian aid distribution along the Thai-Myanmar border, where forcibly displaced migrants from Myanmar have been abandoned by the UNHCR and international humanitarian organizations. Based upon long-term ethnographic fieldwork along the Thai-Myanmar border amongst Tai migrants from the Shan State in Myanmar, I attend to the effects of the inequitable distribution of rights and privileges in an international humanitarian system that is predicated on the neoliberal logic of uneven development. After two centuries of British colonial occupation and later Burman authoritarian rule, the ethnic minority groups along the Thai-Myanmar border are now facing another crisis – that of abandonment as NGOs search for new and more pressing humanitarian disasters elsewhere. The essay addresses a concept I call uneven humanitarianism as a neocolonial condition for peoples living in the Thai-Myanmar borderlands by specifically focusing on Tai peoples who are living in unofficial refugee camps that lost foreign funding in 2017. I argue that the ad hoc treatment and eventual abandonment of these vulnerable groups – that are currently in the midst of the world’s most protracted civil war and displacement situation – constitutes a failure of the “responsibility to protect” humanitarian project.

scholarly journals Citizen deliberation in the context of Uruguay's first National Water Plan

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marila Lázaro ◽  
Isabel Bortagaray ◽  
Micaela Trimble ◽  
Cristina Zurbriggen
Keyword(s):  
Water Governance ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Deliberative Process ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
Citizen Deliberation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
National Water

Abstract As part of the formulation of the first National Water Plan (NWP) in Uruguay, a mini-public process ‘Citizen Deliberation on Water (Deci Agua)’ was developed in 2016. While the draft of the plan was being discussed in the formal arenas of water governance (Basin Commissions and Regional Water Resources Councils), a University research team (led by the authors), in coordination with the national water authority, adapted the mechanism of consensus conferences in order to incorporate the citizens’ visions and to contribute to public understanding of the NWP challenges. This article analyses the main aspects of the developed participation strategy and discusses them regarding a set of quality criteria used to evaluate deliberative processes. Although the final version of the NWP (passed by decree in 2017) incorporated some of the contributions of the Citizen Panel, an in-depth analysis of the scope of the deliberative process of Deci Agua allows us to delve into some key aspects related to the quality of participation processes and the challenges. A mixed approach that combines stakeholder participation and lay citizens is novel and desirable in water governance since it increases the scope of participation, deepens the legitimacy of decision-making and improves the public debate.

scholarly journals Empowering Theory of Poverty Reduction for Sustainable Development: Does the Welfare of Descendants Matter?

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Juliusz Piwowarski ◽  
◽  
Larysa Yankovska ◽  
Bohdan-Petro Koshovyi ◽  
Ira Von-Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
The Future ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Valid Form

The first Sustainable Development Goal expresses the global concern in poverty eradication. We looked at the theory of poverty reduction with a long-term perspective in mind to confirm the congruence of modern approaches and their compliance with the principles of sustainable development. Despite clear signs of targeting Sustainable development goals to the future, we have found that future poverty needs deep discussion. We researched legal acts, policies and scientific sources to prove the possibility and suitability of recognising future poverty as a valid form of poverty. We considered the main possible difficulties that will challenge initiatives of future poverty exhausting. Finally, we proposed several perspective directions of further research to include the future poverty concept into the agenda of governments and supranational organisations.

scholarly journals PENGARUH ZIS (ZAKAT, INFAK, SEDEKAH) DAN ZAKAT FITRAH TERHADAP PENURUNAN KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA PERIODE 1998 - 2010

Media Ekonomi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Jumadin Lapopo
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Independent Variables

<p>Poverty is being a problem in all developing countries including Indonesia. Among goverment programs, poverty has become the center offattention in policy at both of the regional and national levels. Looking at thephenomenon of poverty, Islam present with solution to reduce poverty through Zakat. This study aims to analyze the effect of ZIS and Zakat Fitrah against poverty in Indonesia in 1998 until 2010, data used in this study is secondary data and uses time series data, for the dependent variabel is poverty and for independent variables are ZIS and Zakat Fitrah. The analysis tools used in this study is to use multiple regression analysis model and the assumptions of classical test using the software Eviews-4. In this study also concluded that the ZIS variables significantly affect to the reduction of poverty in Indonesia although the effect is very small. In the variable Zakat Fitrah not significantly affect poverty reduction in Indonesia because of the nature of Zakat Fitrah is for consumption and not for long-term needs. The results of this study can be used for the management of zakat to be able to develop the management and to get a better system for distribution of zakat so that the main purpose of zakat can be achieved to reduce poverty.<br />Keywords : Poverty, Zakat Fitrah, ZIS.</p>

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