Empowering communities to carry out drought contingency planning

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Durley ◽  
Rob C. de Loë
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazard ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Management Capacity ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Local Actors

Drought is a pervasive natural hazard, even in relatively water rich areas such as the Province of Ontario, Canada. A common response to drought in many jurisdictions has been crisis management, especially involving drought relief during or after a drought event. Proactive drought contingency planning, which takes a risk management approach to reduce vulnerability, is much more appropriate. Unfortunately, the extent to which local communities have the capacity to participate effectively in this activity is highly variable. This paper explores factors that facilitate and constrain locally led drought contingency planning and highlights several that relate to management capacity, or the ability of local actors to accomplish their objectives and participate effectively in implementing appropriate drought responses. Drought planning experiences in Australia and the United States are used to frame an evaluation of Ontario's new drought contingency planning approach. We conclude that while Ontario's approach has many desirable features (e.g. organized around watersheds; locally driven), it also has several shortcomings, relating especially to the way in which droughts are understood, coordination of roles and responsibilities and community disempowerment during severe droughts.

scholarly journals Magnetic Resonance–Guided Prostate Ablation

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
pp. 351-366
Author(s):  
David A. Woodrum ◽  
Akira Kawashima ◽  
Krzysztof R. Gorny ◽  
Lance A. Mynderse
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Focal Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancers

AbstractIn 2019, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 174,650 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed and 31,620 will die due to the prostate cancer in the United States. Prostate cancer is often managed with aggressive curative intent standard therapies including radiotherapy or surgery. Regardless of how expertly done, these standard therapies often bring significant risk and morbidity to the patient's quality of life with potential impact on sexual, urinary, and bowel functions. Additionally, improved screening programs, using prostatic-specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy, have identified increasing numbers of low-risk, low-grade “localized” prostate cancer. The potential, localized, and indolent nature of many prostate cancers presents a difficult decision of when to intervene, especially within the context of the possible comorbidities of aggressive standard treatments. Active surveillance has been increasingly instituted to balance cancer control versus treatment side effects; however, many patients are not comfortable with this option. Although active debate continues on the suitability of either focal or regional therapy for the low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients, no large consensus has been achieved on the adequate management approach. Some of the largest unresolved issues are prostate cancer multifocality, limitations of current biopsy strategies, suboptimal staging by accepted imaging modalities, less than robust prediction models for indolent prostate cancers, and safety and efficiency of the established curative therapies following focal therapy for prostate cancer. In spite of these restrictions, focal therapy continues to confront the current paradigm of therapy for low- and even intermediate-risk disease. It has been proposed that early detection and proper characterization may play a role in preventing the development of metastatic disease. There is level-1 evidence supporting detection and subsequent aggressive treatment of intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. Therefore, accurate assessment of cancer risk (i.e., grade and stage) using imaging and targeted biopsy is critical. Advances in prostate imaging with MRI and PET are changing the workup for these patients, and advances in MR-guided biopsy and therapy are propelling prostate treatment solutions forward faster than ever.

Racializing Crimmigration

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amada Armenta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigration Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Local Jail ◽  
Colorblind Ideology ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Local Law

Deporting “criminal aliens” has become the highest priority in American immigration enforcement. Today, most deportations are achieved through the “crimmigration” system, a term that describes the convergence of the criminal justice and immigration enforcement systems. Emerging research argues that U.S. immigration enforcement is a “racial project” that subordinates and racializes Latino residents in the United States. This article examines the role of local law enforcement agencies in the racialization process by focusing on the techniques and logics that drive law enforcement practices across two agencies, I argue that local law enforcement agents racialize Latinos by punishing illegality through their daily, and sometimes mundane, practices. Investigatory traffic stops put Latinos at disproportionate risk of arrest and citation, and processing at the local jail subjects unauthorized immigrants to deportation. Although a variety of local actors sustain the deportation system, most do not see themselves as active participants in immigrant removal and they explain their behavior through a colorblind ideology. This colorblind ideology obscures and naturalizes how organizational practices and laws converge to systematically criminalize and punish Latinos in the United States.

Supervision face-to-face contacts: the emergence of an intervention

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Toronjo ◽  
Faye S. Taxman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Effective Practices ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Community Supervision ◽  
Behavioral Management ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Level Change ◽  
Strategic Training ◽  
Offender Assessment

Face-to-face contacts are the cornerstone of community supervision. As community supervision in the United States and Canada emerges into a new behavioral management approach, new training curricula have emerged to conceptualize the techniques of supervision and develop the skill sets of officers. This chapter reviews five such curricula--Proactive Community Supervision (PCS) (Taxman, Shephardson, & Byrne, 2004; Taxman, 2008), Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS) (Bonta et al., 2011); Staff Training Aimed at Reducing Rearrest (STARR) (Robinson et al., 2012); Effective Practices in Community Supervision (EPICS) (Smith et al., 2012); and Skills for Offender Assessment and Responsivity in New Goals (SOARING2) (Maass, 2013). The comparison reveals similarities but major differences in an emphasis on the operational components for client-level change. The question remains as to which supervision intervention components are mechanisms facilitating client level change.

Fighting for oil when there is no oil yet

Focaal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (52) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Behrends
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
Future Possibility ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
The United Nations

The area around the border of Sudan and Chad, where Darfur lies, has been an unimportant and unknown backwater throughout history. Today, however, Darfur is all over the international press. Everybody knows about the grim war there. There is no oil currently in production in Darfur. However, there is oil in the south of neighboring Chad and in Southern Sudan, and there might be oil in Darfur. This article considers a case of fighting for oil when there is no oil yet. It takes into account the role of local actors doing the fighting, that is, the army, rebels, and militias; national actors such as the Sudanese and Chadian governments; and international actors, such as multinational oil companies, the United States, China, and the United Nations. It explains how oil can have disintegrative consequences even when it is still only a rumor about a future possibility.

Community Collaboration in Disaster: The Role of Voluntary Agencies

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Dusty Bowenkamp
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Serious Injuries

AbstractAlthough the United States has been impacted by numerous devastating disasters over the last 10 years, there have been only limited efforts between the governmental and non-profit/voluntary organizations to meet the multiple disaster health and mental health needs of the community. Too often, responding organizations compete to provide services, duplicate efforts, and frequently under-estimate the need for services.Recent efforts have been undertaken by The American Red Cross and other groups to resolve this issue. Governmental and community-based organizations have been invited to participate in planning sessions to pre-identify roles and responsibilities, as well as to exchange key information about the services each group can and does provide.These efforts have lead to an increased awareness of the potential problems and the development of cohesive plans to provide medical and emotional support services to impacted communities. This has led to improved care for those with serious injuries or psychological crisis, while those with less critical problems have been managed appropriately without needing to be immediately referred to overcrowded emergency departments or physician's offices.

Practical Application of Structural Repair Fatigue Life Determination on the AP-3C Orion Platform

2014 ◽  
Vol 891-892 ◽  
pp. 1065-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Ayling ◽  
Adam Bowler ◽  
Gregory Brick ◽  
Mladen Ignjatovic
Keyword(s):  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Structural Repair ◽  
Fatigue Management ◽  
Analysis Tools

The AP-3C Orion aircraft is the oldest aircraft in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) inventory. The planned fleet withdrawal has been extended far beyond the original design service objective. Continued safe and effective operation has required the development of a robust ageing aircraft management approach. A fundamental aspect was supplementing the structural certification basis with appropriate standards in the form of fatigue management requirements from Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) 25.571 and Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular (FAA AC) 120-93. To develop and underpin the ageing aircraft management plan and transition to the supplementary fatigue management standards, the RAAF collaborated with the Original Equipment Manufacturer, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, the United States Navy (USN) and other operators to form the P-3C Service Life Assessment Program (SLAP). This program provided Full Scale Fatigue Test (FSFT) data, associated analyses and analysis tools to support management in accordance with FAR 25.571. An important element of the ageing aircraft management plan included the introduction of a rigorous Safety By Inspection (SBI) maintenance regime to assure structural airworthiness. FAA AC 120-93 requires assessment of structural repairs to determine revised fatigue management and inspection requirements. Often, this information is derived using tailored analysis tools and detailed models on a case-by-case basis. This approach is specialized, expensive and usually occurs after the repair has been designed and installed. To avoid these limitations, the AP-3C Repair Assessment Manual (RAM) was developed to provide the repair designer with a design handbook approach to fatigue analysis. In conjunction with some simple Finite Element (FE) models, the RAM supports complete repair analysis prior to an aircraft leaving the maintenance venue. This paper will present the history of the SBI program, the genesis of the RAM and actual examples of assessing structural repairs on the P-3 platform using the RAM.

scholarly journals Pharmacist to improve hypertension management: concordance between Europe and North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Anker ◽  
R T Tsuyuki ◽  
G Paradis ◽  
A Chiolero ◽  
V Santschi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Hypertension Management ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Hypertension Control ◽  
International Guidelines ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities

Abstract Problem Hypertension is highly prevalent but remains poorly controlled, notably in European countries where control rates are frequently worse than in Canada and the United States. One innovative solution for improving hypertension management is team-based care (TBC) with the involvement of a pharmacist. Description of the problem We systematically compared recommendations for TBC in hypertension management in recent European (ESC/ESH), American (ACC/AHA), and Canadian (Hypertension Canada) guidelines and pinpointed potential roles and responsibilities of pharmacists. Results The three guidelines recommend TBC for the management of hypertension, with the ACC/AHA Guidelines giving a stronger emphasis by providing a more exhaustive definition of TBC and by describing the composition of the team. The three guidelines assign roles and responsibilities in hypertension management at the team level, but no firm role is defined for each specific team member. The three guidelines also refer to evidence showing that the pharmacist’s involvement can embrace several activities, that is, diagnosis of hypertension, blood pressure monitoring, medication management, education of patient and health care providers, and communication and organization within the care team. Recent systematic reviews have shown that a pharmacist’s involvement in these steps in hypertension management improves hypertension control compared to standard of care. Lessons International guidelines, including European ones, recommend using TBC in hypertension management, based on strong evidence that a pharmacist’s involvement improves hypertension control. Key messages International guidelines recommend TBC and the involvement of pharmacists to improve hypertension management. Programs and policies to improve hypertension control in European countries should consider the involvement of pharmacists.

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