Wastewater management in Zimbabwe in the context of sustainability

Water Policy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent Nhapi ◽  
Huub J. Gijzen
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Funding Mechanism ◽  
Natural Treatment ◽  
Made In

Conventional sanitation approaches are rather inappropriate and expensive ways of providing a satisfactory solution to increasing wastewater problems in developing countries. This paper looks at the financial and environmental implications of the sanitation approaches adopted in Zimbabwe, and from the weaknesses identified, suggests a paradigm shift in which wastewater treatment is geared towards resource recovery and reuse. It was observed that unsustainable methods continue to be used because of deficient institutional arrangements and irrational technology choices made in the past. Natural treatment methods were recommended because they are low cost, easy to operate and maintain, and allow for the re-use of effluent. To achieve this requires a responsive institutional and funding mechanism backed by realistic legislation.

scholarly journals A LOW-COST INSHORE WAVE DIRECTION INDICATOR

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
G. De F. Retief ◽  
A.P.M. Vonk
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Steady State Current ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Reliable Solution ◽  
Made In

Although many attempts have been made in the past to measure the direction of propagation of ocean waves, a need for a simple, reliable solution to the problem has remained. The technique described here, intended for near-shore usage, makes use of a simple bottom-mounted flow direction indicator. The influence of rip and longshore currents on wave direction recordings is identified and a means of reducing these steady state current effects by a reduction in gauge sensitivity is presented, along with various possible recording and analysis techniques. Usefulness of the gauge is established as a simple engineering tool with certain limitations and examples are given of »'aire direction recordings related to meteorological data. A possible usage of the gauge FE an approximate sediment transport indicator is also proposed.

Aerodynamic Analysis Using CFD for Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucilene O. Rodrigues ◽  
Harley S. Alencar ◽  
Marco A. R. Nascimento ◽  
Osvaldo J. Venturini
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Aerodynamic Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Satisfactory Precision ◽  
Low Nox Emission ◽  
Made In

In the past few years, with the development of advanced numerical computational codes, numerical simulation became a promising option to developing and improving the technology in different fields. The obtained results by simulations are used to get important information during the design phase or optimization of industrial equipment. Its employment generates reliable results at low cost due to the reduced number of experiments as well as the opportunity to develop new products and perform many simulations before its production. However, the numerical simulation credibility can only be verified when compared to the obtained results by experiments. This work aims to present and evaluate different aerodynamics models applied to combustion chambers using a CFD tool. In addition, aerodynamic analysis is made in a model of combustion chamber, where the flow is simulated with successive refining of the mesh as part of its validation process. For it, it is used a Low Nox Emission Combustion Chamber from Floxcom project as reference to validate turbulence models. Once that it is done, the selected turbulence model with satisfactory precision is used to describe the aerodynamic behavior of an annular combustion chamber from velocity and pressure distribution, which are important parameters to set load losses and recirculation intensity, which can affect the complex phenomenon of combustion.

scholarly journals Statistical Review of Microstructure-Property Correlation of Stainless Steel: Implication for Pre- and Post-Weld Treatment

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Musa Muhammed ◽  
Mazli Mustapha ◽  
Turnad Lenggo Ginta ◽  
Abdullah Musa Ali ◽  
Faizal Mustapha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dissimilar Welding ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Property Correlation ◽  
Very High ◽  
Welding Technique ◽  
Made In

For the past three centuries, there has been a very high demand for stainless steel for different applications, due to its corrosion resistance coupled with the good strength and low cost of the metal. Several welding techniques have been adopted in the fabrication of stainless steel, with the choice of welding technique hinged on the desired requirements. Advancement has been made in its dissimilar welding with other metals like aluminum, copper and titanium. While similar welding of stainless steel faces the challenge of weld metal property deterioration, dissimilar welding poses more serious challenges due to the differential in chemical composition and the thermophysical properties of the base metals. A review of the literature reveals that considerable progress has been made in the improvement of the properties of the weld joint by the application of several weld treatment processes. It was discovered that most of the researchers focused on the effect of these weld treatment processes on the properties of the weld joints, with little attempt to establish a relationship between the microstructure and properties. This review paper critically analyzed the effect of weld treatment processes on the properties of stainless steel in light of microstructure-property correlation.

Baffled Septic Tank with Anaerobic Filter (BASTAF) and Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Vietnam

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viet-Anh Nguyen ◽  
Antoine Morel ◽  
Karin Tonderski
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Natural Treatment

The decentralized wastewater management utilizing existing infrastructure and low-cost natural treatment processes has a large potential in Vietnam. Centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are often not affordable. Currently the septic tank is the most common on-site wastewater treatment facility in Vietnam. Nevertheless it has a limited treatment performance. The Improved Septic Tank, also known as Baffled Septic Tank with or without Anaerobic Filter (BASTAF or BAST) represents a valuable and promising alternative to the conventional septic tank. Results of laboratory- and pilot-scale research on BAST and BASTAF systems show that at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 days the 3-chamber BAST followed by Anaerobic Filter significantly increased the removal efficiencies in terms of BOD, COD and TSS in comparison with a conventional septic tank of the same size. Average treatment efficiencies of 80–90% in terms of BOD, COD and TSS can be achieved. Another component of the study showed that post-treatment of BASTAF effluent in a 2-stage vertical flow constructed wetland (CW) planted with locally available macrophytes allowed the achievement of level A, Vietnamese standard for wastewater discharge in terms of COD, BOD5, TSS, TN, NH4-N and T-P. Results of this study are now being implemented in different provinces inVietnam.

Cross-culture outcomes of a brazilian professor Fulbright in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (50) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Marcelo Da Silva Leite ◽  
Celeste Gaia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
College And University ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Curriculum ◽  
Fulbright Scholar ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Higher Education Costs

Over the past decade due the expansion of globalization there has been an increasing emphasis on internationalization among faculty, administration and accrediting agencies in the Higher Education.  Although to promote internationalization in the Higher Education, costs are a big challenge, one way to have the international actions with low cost, it is seeking for grants from different governmental agencies and foundations.The Fulbright Scholar program provides a long-standing and externally-funded means for internationalizing college and university curriculum. This article is going to share the perspective   of a Brazilian Fulbright Scholar at an American college and the institution perspective of the Fulbright scholar participation at the College.

E-Projects Challenges in India – Role of Human Resource Management and Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Ramnik Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Traditional Approaches

E-governance is a paradigm shift over the traditional approaches in Public Administration which means rendering of government services and information to the public by using electronic means. In the past decades, service quality and responsiveness of the government towards the citizens were least important but with the approach of E-Government the government activities are now well dealt. This paper withdraws experiences from various studies from different countries and projects facing similar challenges which need to be consigned for the successful implementation of e-governance projects. Developing countries like India face poverty and illiteracy as a major obstacle in any form of development which makes it difficult for its government to provide e-services to its people conveniently and fast. It also suggests few suggestions to cope up with the challenges faced while implementing e-projects in India.

South Asian Developmental Crisis (Review Article)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Integrated Theory ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

Like nations and civilizations, sciences also pass through period of crises when established theories are overthrown by the unpredictable behaviour of events. Economics is passing through such a crisis. The challenge thrown by the Great Depression of early 1930s took a decade before Keynes re-established the supremacy of economics. But this supremacy has again been upset by the crisis of poverty in the vast under-developed world which attained political independence after the Second World War. Poverty had always existed but never before had it been of such concern to economists as during the past twenty five years or so. Economic literature dealing with this problem has piled up but so have the agonies of poverty. No plausible and well-integrated theory of economic development or under-development has emerged so far, though brilliant advances have been made in isolated directions.

Bamboo Waste-based Bio-composite Substance: An application for Low-cost Construction Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Teodoro Astorga Amatosa ◽  
Michael E. Loretero
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Experimental Medium ◽  
Natural Treatment

Bamboo is a lightweight and high-strength raw materials that encouraged researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of biocomposite and declared as one of the green-technology on the environment as fully accountable as eco-products. This research was to assess the technical feasibility of making single-layer experimental Medium-Density Particleboard panels from the bamboo waste of a three-year-old (Dendrocalamus asper). Waste materials were performed to produce composite materials using epoxy resin (C21H25C105) from a natural treatment by soaking with an average of pH 7.6 level of sea-water. Three different types of MDP produced, i.e., bamboo waste strip MDP (SMDP), bamboo waste chips MDP (CMDP) and bamboo waste mixed strip-chips MDP (MMDP) by following the same process. The experimental panels tested for their physical-mechanical properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D1037-12. Conclusively, even the present study shows properties of MDP with higher and comparable to other composite materials; further research must be given better attention as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the production, design, and construction usage.

An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Reidy ◽  
G. W. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Coal Resource

A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?

Mass Spectrometry Techniques: Principles and Practices for Quantitative Proteomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco J. Rotello ◽  
Timothy D. Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Quantitative Proteomics ◽  
Protein Identification ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Made In

: In the current omics-age of research, major developments have been made in technologies that attempt to survey the entire repertoire of genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites present within a cell. While genomics has led to a dramatic increase in our understanding of such things as disease morphology and how organisms respond to medications, it is critical to obtain information at the proteome level since proteins carry out most of the functions within the cell. The primary tool for obtaining proteome-wide information on proteins within the cell is mass spectrometry (MS). While it has historically been associated with the protein identification, developments over the past couple of decades have made MS a robust technology for protein quantitation as well. Identifying quantitative changes in proteomes is complicated by its dynamic nature and the inability of any technique to guarantee complete coverage of every protein within a proteome sample. Fortunately, the combined development of sample preparation and MS methods have made it capable to quantitatively compare many thousands of proteins obtained from cells and organisms.

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