scholarly journals Fate of Ascaris at various pH, temperature and moisture levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Senecal ◽  
Annika Nordin ◽  
Björn Vinnerås
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Intestinal Worms ◽  
Ph Increase ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Abstract Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are intestinal worms that infect 24% of the world's population. Stopping the spread of STH is difficult, as the eggs are resilient (can withstand high pH) and persistent (can remain viable in soils for several years). To ensure that new sanitation systems can inactivate STH, a better understanding of their resilience is required. This study assessed the inactivation of Ascaris eggs under various conditions, in terms of moisture content (MC) (<20 to >90%), temperature (20–50 °C) and pH (7–12.5). The results highlight that the exposure of Ascaris eggs to elevated pH (10.5–12.5) at temperatures ≤27.5 °C for >70 days had no effect on egg viability. Compounding effects of alkaline pH (≥10.5) or decreasing MC (<20%) was observed at 35 °C, with pH having more of an effect than decreasing MC. To accelerate the inactivation of STH, an increase in the treatment temperature is more effective than pH increase. Alkaline pH alone did not inactivate the eggs but can enhance the effect of ammonia, which is likely to be present in organic wastes.

scholarly journals Moisture-Dependent Strength Properties of Thermally-Modified Fraxinus excelsior Wood in Compression

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Roszyk ◽  
Elżbieta Stachowska ◽  
Jerzy Majka ◽  
Przemysław Mania ◽  
Magdalena Broda
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Intrinsic Anisotropy ◽  
European Ash

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is one of the species commonly used for wood thermal modification that improves its performance. The presented research aimed to investigate a moisture-dependent strength anisotropy of thermally-modified European ash in compression. Wood samples were modified at 180 °C and 200 °C. Their mechanical parameters were determined in the principal anatomical directions under dry (moisture content of 3%) and wet (moisture content above fibre saturation point) conditions. Effect of heat treatment temperature and moisture content on the ash wood mechanical parameters concerning each anatomical direction were determined. The results show that thermal treatment kept the intrinsic anisotropy of wood mechanical properties. It decreased wood hygroscopicity, which resulted in improved strength and elasticity measured for wet wood when compared to untreated and treated samples. Higher treatment temperature (200 °C) increased wood elasticity in compression in all the anatomical directions despite wood moisture content during the measurements. Multivariate analysis revealed that the modification temperature significantly affected the modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the grain, while in the case of compression strength, the statistically significant effect was observed only parallel to the grain. The results obtained can be useful from an industrial perspective and can serve as part of a database for further modelling purposes.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN PENYAKIT CACINGAN (HELMINTHIASIS) PADA WALI MURID SDN 1, 2, 3, DAN 4 MULYOAGUNG, KECAMATAN DAU, KABUPATEN MALANG, JAWA TIMUR

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Dhia Irfan Hanif ◽  
Moch Yunus ◽  
Rara Warih Gayatri
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Worms ◽  
Teacher Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Abstract: WHO (2016) said the helminthiasis is an infection of the intestinal parasites of the Nematodes are transmitted through the ground, Soil Transmitted Helminths or (STH). WHO (2016) reported more than 2 billion people are infected with helminthiasis. According to Indonesia Ministry of Health (2004), the prevalence of helminthiasis in children of the primary school in 2003 amounting to 33% increasing and in 2004 became 46,8%. Indonesia Ministry of Health (2005) presents results of survey of helminthiais in elementary school showed the prevalence of approximately 60%-80%. The purpose of this research is to know the description of the knowledge of the helminthiasis on caregivers SDN 1, 2, 3, and 4 Mulyoagung, Dau, Malang, East Java. This research uses descriptive methods (cross sectional) and quantitative approach. The population of the research was the entire caregivers SDN 1, 2, 3, and 4 Mulyoagung a number of 685 people, with samples 253 people. Research instrument using a questionnaire based on the indicator of knowledge on health. Engineering data retrieval done by giving questionnaires to caregivers through the student and teacher. Data analysis using descriptive statistical analysis to determine the score of the questionnaire and determine the level of knowledge of caregivers. The results of the research in general, the description of the knowledge of the disease intestinal worms (helminthiasis) on caregivers SDN 1, 2, 3, and 4 Mulyoagung, Kecamatan Dau, Malang, East Java was less, with an average score of respondents 45,81.Keywords: knowledge, helminthiasis, parents (caregivers)Abstrak: WHO (2016) mengatakan helminthiasis adalah infeksi cacing parasit usus dari golongan Nematoda usus yang ditularkan melalui tanah atau disebut Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH). WHO (2016) melaporkan lebih dari 2 miliar orang terinfeksi cacingan. Menurut DEPKES RI (2004), prevalensi cacingan pada anak sekolah dasar pada tahun 2003 sebesar 33% dan meningkat pada tahun 2004 menjadi 46,8%. DEPKES RI (2005) memaparkan hasil survei cacingan di sekolah dasar menunjukan prevalensi sekitar 60% - 80%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan helminthiasis pada wali murid SDN 1, 2, 3, dan 4 Mulyoagung, Kecamatan Dau, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh wali murid SDN 1, 2, 3, dan 4 Mulyoagung sejumlah 685 orang, dengan sampel sejumlah 253 orang. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner untuk mengetahui pengetahuan terhadap kesehatan. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan memberikan kuesioner kepada wali murid melalui siswa dan guru. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif untuk menentukan skor dari kuesioner dan menentukan tingkat pengetahuan wali murid. Hasil penelitian secara umum, gambaran pengetahuan penyakit cacingan (helminthiasis) pada wali murid SDN 1, 2, 3, dan 4 Mulyoagung, Kecamatan Dau, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur adalah kurang, dengan skor rata-rata responden 45,81.Kata kunci: pengetahuan, cacingan (helminthiasis), wali murid

Changes in the acidity and fertility of a red earth soil under wheat–annual pasture rotations

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
B. R. Cullis ◽  
K. Furniss ◽  
G. D. Kohn ◽  
A. C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Ph Increase ◽  
Ph Decrease

This paper reports the effects of 6 wheat–annual pasture rotations over 18 years on soil N, organic C, P, and pH in a red earth soil at Wagga Wagga (35° 03′ S, 147° 21′E), in southern NSW. There were 3 cropping intensities (33, 50, 67%) with pastures dominated by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Bacchus Marsh) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. cv. Wimmera). Rotations were long (6-year) or short (2- or 3-year). Initial soil N and organic C concentrations (0–10 cm) were low, 1300–1400 kg N/ha and 0·7–0·9 g organic C/100 g. The rate of increase of total N in the top 20 cm was the same on short and long rotations, and increased with the proportion of pasture in the rotation from 2·0 to 12·1 to 20·7 kg N/ha · year for pasture to crop ratios of 0·33, 0·50, and 0·67. Estimates of the amounts of N fixed and the measured accumulation of N per pasture year varied within the narrow ranges of 95–113 and 45–64 kg N/ha · pasture year. Organic C increased faster as the proportion of pasture in the rotation increased and there was no evidence that steady-state concentrations were achieved by Year 18. Estimates of the average amount of N leached below 30 cm varied in the range 22–29 kg N/ha · year. Analysis of the individual crop and pasture effects on soil N in the surface 10 cm indicated that net nitrate leaching was greatest in the second pasture year or in the first crop year following 1 year of pasture. A significant amount of N leached during the first 2 or 3 pasture years in a rotation was recovered by the first wheat crop or by the third and fourth year pastures. Second to fourth cereal crops depleted soil N by an amount similar to that removed in the grain. Average grain N% for the rotation treatments was closely described (R2 = 0·96) as a function of the length of the pasture phase, the pasture to crop ratio, and the interaction pasture to crop ratio number of preceding wheat crops. In the top 30 cm the pH changed at a rate near –0·04 units/year on all treatments, equivalent to addition of 2·3–2·8 kmol H+/ha · year. The acid addition rate, and hence the long-term lime requirement (50 kg lime/kmol H+), did not vary with pasture to crop ratio or with the length of the rotation. The proportion of the acid added to the top 30 cm of soil that was contributed from the N cycle (nitrification followed by nitrate loss by leaching below 30 cm or by run-off) was 0·65 for rotations with 67% pasture and 0·80 for rotations with 33% pasture. Carbon cycle acids, produced during organic matter accumulation and the synthesis of products that were subsequently removed, accounted for the remainder. Individual crop and pasture effects on soil pH were near the overall mean of –0·04 units except in years preceding and following the transition from pasture to cereal phases of the rotations. In cereal-dominated rotations the last pasture year was strongly acid (pH decrease 0·13–0·17) and the following cereal year was alkaline (pH increase 0·05–0·08). In pasture-dominated rotations the effects were reversed, the last pasture being alkaline (pH increase 0·07–0·12) and the following cereal being acid (pH decrease 0·13–0·19). In the 50% rotations, effects were intermediate. Organic and inorganic forms of soil P in the surface 10 cm increased linearly with time, accounting for 38% of the applied fertiliser P. Of the applied P, 88% was accounted for by the sum of P accumulated in the surface 20 cm of soil and by removal in products and waste products. The remainder may have been lost by erosion or accumulated in forms resistant to extraction by 0·1 M H2SO4 after ignition at 550°C. There was a slightly greater rate of increase of organic P as the proportion of pasture in the rotation increased. The annual addition of 11·8 kg P/ha·year marginally exceeded the amount required to maintain the available P concentration.

scholarly journals Treatment of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis with a Sublethal Concentration of Trisodium Phosphate or Alkaline pH Induces Thermotolerance

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 4613-4620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balamurugan Sampathkumar ◽  
George G. Khachatourians ◽  
Darren R. Korber
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
High Ph

ABSTRACT The responses of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis to a sublethal dose of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and its equivalent alkaline pH made with NaOH were examined. Pretreatment of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis cells with 1.5% TSP or pH 10.0 solutions resulted in a significant increase in thermotolerance, resistance to 2.5% TSP, resistance to high pH, and sensitivity to acid and H2O2. Protein inhibition studies with chloramphenicol revealed that thermotolerance, unlike resistance to high pH, was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of total cellular proteins from untreated control cells resolved as many as 232 proteins, of which 22 and 15% were absent in TSP- or alkaline pH-pretreated cells, respectively. More than 50% of the proteins that were either up- or down-regulated by TSP pretreatment were also up- or down-regulated by alkaline pH pretreatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE analysis of detergent-insoluble outer membrane proteins revealed the up-regulation of at least four proteins. Mass spectrometric analysis showed the up-regulated proteins to include those involved in the transport of small hydrophilic molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane and those that act as chaperones and aid in the export of newly synthesized proteins by keeping them in open conformation. Other up-regulated proteins included common housekeeping proteins like those involved in amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. In addition to the differential expression of proteins following TSP or alkaline pH treatment, changes in membrane fatty acid composition were also observed. Alkaline pH- or TSP-pretreated cells showed a higher saturated and cyclic to unsaturated fatty acid ratio than did the untreated control cells. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic membrane could play a significant role in the induction of thermotolerance and resistance to other stresses following TSP or alkaline pH treatment.

scholarly journals Biochar from co-pyrolysis of urban organic wastes—investigation of carbon sink potential using ATR-FTIR and TGA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Ramesh Nair ◽  
Moni M Mondal ◽  
Dirk Weichgrebe
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Solid Waste Treatment ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Recalcitrance Index

Abstract Urban organic wastes (UOW) strain the infrastructures for solid waste treatment (SWT) in emerging economies. This study investigated biochar gained from three major UOW sources in India—banana peduncles (BP), a fibrous waste, from fruit markets; sewage sludge (SS) from wastewater treatment plants; and anaerobic digestate (AD) from food and market waste processing facilities—in terms of its potential to sequester and become long-term carbon sink in soils. Herein, the chemical properties (using ATR-FTIR) and thermal oxidative stability (using TGA) of biochars derived from these UOW and their three blends were examined. Biochar from SS and AD and the blends were found to possess more ash content, Cl, and alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) than that from BP. The conventional recalcitrance index (R50) could not quantify and compare the stability of these mineral- and ash-rich biochars. Hence, a modified thermal oxidative recalcitrance index (TORi) is proposed. All the biochar from blends prepared at highest treatment temperature of 650 °C shows similar aromaticity. However, biochar from blend of 50% SS, 30%BP, and 20% AD exhibits the highest recalcitrance (TORi = 0.193) to become a long-term carbon sink in soil. More than aromaticity, the influence of Si, Fe, and AAEM on the biochar matrix affects its recalcitrance. Variations in the structural properties and recalcitrance of biochars from blends are attributable to the synergy among their constituents SS, AD, and BP. The determined TORi confirms the potential of biochar from the blends of UOW as a long-term carbon sink.

Energy Balance of a Biodrying Process for Organic Wastes of High Moisture Content: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinjing He ◽  
Ling Zhao ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Duo Wu ◽  
Liming Shao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture

Anatomical changes to the wood of Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) when charred at different temperatures

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gasson ◽  
Caroline Cartwright ◽  
Claudia Luizon Dias Leme
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Two Temperatures

Wood retains most of its anatomical characteristics when charred, but charring temperature determines the appearance of the resulting charcoal and this depends largely on the proportions and distribution of the constituent vessels, fibres and parenchyma, as well as moisture content. This study describes the structural changes in the charcoal of the wood of Croton sonderianus Muell. Arg. at two temperatures, 400 °C or 600 °C. This species is an important source of charcoal in the caatinga of the northeast part of Brazil. The samples were heated for ten minutes to reach treatment temperature, charred for two hours at either 400 °C or 600 °C and then left to cool to ambient temperature for 30 to 60 minutes. Our observations showed that most of the changes occurred when charcoal was produced at 600 °C, but the qualitative features necessary for identification were retained. At this temperature, cells lost their circular shape, became angular and occasionally amorphous, the middle lamella disappeared and the walls of adjacent cells coalesced, cell walls became thinner, and the prismatic crystals developed cracks and became porous. Our findings are compared with those for two previously studied Mimosa species which have an entirely different anatomy.

The role of the Snf1 kinase in the adaptive response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to alkaline pH stress

2012 ◽  
Vol 444 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Casamayor ◽  
Raquel Serrano ◽  
María Platara ◽  
Carlos Casado ◽  
Amparo Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Snf1 Kinase ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Ph Stress ◽  
Alkaline Ph Stress

Alkaline pH stress invokes a potent and fast transcriptional response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that includes many genes repressed by glucose. Certain mutants in the glucose-sensing and -response pathways, such as those lacking the Snf1 kinase, are sensitive to alkalinization. In the present study we show that the addition of glucose to the medium improves the growth of wild-type cells at high pH, fully abolishes the snf1 alkali-sensitive phenotype and attenuates high pH-induced Snf1 phosphorylation at Thr210. Lack of Elm1, one of the three upstream Snf1 kinases (Tos3, Elm1 and Sak1), markedly increases alkali sensitivity, whereas the phenotype of the triple mutant tos3 elm1 sak1 is even more pronounced than that of snf1 cells and is poorly rescued by glucose supplementation. DNA microarray analysis reveals that about 75% of the genes induced in the short term by high pH are also induced by glucose scarcity. Snf1 mediates, in full or in part, the activation of a significant subset (38%) of short-term alkali-induced genes, including those encoding high-affinity hexose transporters and phosphorylating enzymes. The induction of genes encoding enzymes involved in glycogen, but not trehalose, metabolism is largely dependent of the presence of Snf1. Therefore the function of Snf1 in adaptation to glucose scarcity appears crucial for alkaline pH tolerance. Incorporation of micromolar amounts of iron and copper to a glucose-supplemented medium resulted in an additive effect and allows near-normal growth at high pH, thus indicating that these three nutrients are key limiting factors for growth in an alkaline environment.

scholarly journals Haptic and Aesthetic Properties of Heat-Treated Modified Birch Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Borůvka ◽  
Přemysl Šedivka ◽  
David Novák ◽  
Tomáš Holeček ◽  
Jiří Turek
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Positive Perception ◽  
Heat Treated

This paper deals with the effect of heat treatment on the selected physical properties of birch wood. Five stages of heat treatment were used, ranging from 160 °C to 200 °C, in 10 °C increments, having a peak treatment duration of 3 h for each level. Primarily, changes in thermal characteristics, namely conductivity, diffusivity, effusivity, volume heat capacity, changes in colour and gloss parameters, mass loss due to modification and different moisture content in wood under given equilibrium climatic conditions, were monitored. The ISOMET 2114 analyser was used to measure the thermal characteristics. The measurement principle of this analyser is based on the analysis of the thermal response of the analysed material to pulses of heat flow. Measurements of colour, gloss, density and moisture content were carried out according to harmonised EN standards. The aim was to experimentally verify the more or less generally known more positive perception of heat-treated wood, both by touch and sight, i.e., the warmer perception of darker brown shades of wood. In terms of thermal characteristics, the most interesting result is that they gradually decrease with increasing treatment temperature. For example, at the highest treatment temperature of 200 °C, there is a decrease in thermal conductivity by 20.2%, a decrease in volume heat capacity by 15.0%, and a decrease in effusivity by 17.7%. The decrease in thermal conductivity is nearly constant at all treatment levels, specifically at this treatment temperature, by 6.0%. The fact mentioned above is positive in terms of the tactile perception of such treated wood, which can have a positive effect, for example, in furniture with surface application of heat-treated veneers, which are perceived positively by the majority of the human population visually or as a cladding material in saunas. In this context, it has been found that the thermal modification at the above-mentioned treatment temperature of 200 °C results in a decrease in brightness by 44.0%, a decrease in total colour difference by 38.4%, and a decrease in gloss (at an angle of 60°) by 18.2%. The decrease in gloss is only one essential negative aspect that can be addressed by subsequent surface treatment. During the heat treatment, there is also a loss of mass in volume, e.g., at a treatment temperature of 200 °C and subsequent conditioning to an equilibrium moisture content in a conditioning chamber with an air temperature of 20 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 65 % ± 5%, there was a decrease by 7.9%. In conclusion, the experiments clearly confirmed the hypothesis of a positive perception of heat-treated wood in terms of haptics and aesthetics.

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