scholarly journals Exploring links between water quality and E. coli O157:H7 survival potential in well waters from a rural area of southern Changchun City, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiyue Ding ◽  
Jiahang Li ◽  
Xiaodan Liu ◽  
Huiru Li ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Well Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Changchun City ◽  
Survival Potential

Abstract Waterborne infectious disease outbreak associated with well water contamination is a worldwide public health issue, especially for rural areas in developing countries. In the current study, we characterized 20 well water samples collected from a rural area of southern Changchun city, China, and investigated the survival potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in those water samples. The results showed that nitrate and ammonia concentrations in some well water samples exceed the corresponding China drinking water standards, indicating potential contamination by local agricultural farms. Our results also revealed that the average survival time (ttd) of E. coli O157:H7 in all well water samples was 30.09 days, with shortest and longest ttd being 17.95 and 58.10 days, respectively. The ttds were significantly correlated with pH and the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus. In addition, it was found that the shape parameter (p) and first decimal reduction parameter (δ) were negatively (P < 0.05) and positively (P < 0.05) correlated to ttd, respectively. Our study showed that E. coli O157:H7 could survive up to two months in well water, suggesting that this pathogen could constitute a great public health risk.

scholarly journals Diversity, virulence and antibiogram traits of Escherichia coli recovered from potable water sources in Gharbia, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-438
Author(s):  
Walid Elmonir ◽  
Etab Mohamed Abo Remela ◽  
Yasmine Alwakil
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Well Water ◽  
E Coli

Abstract This study aimed to assess the public health risk of coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination of potable water sources in Egypt. A total of 150 water samples (100 tap and 50 well) were collected from five districts in Gharbia governorate, Egypt. High rates of coliforms contamination were recorded in 52 and 76% of examined tap and well water samples, respectively. E. coli strains were detected in 16% of the water samples (15% tap water and 18% well water; 23.7% rural and 8.1% urban). Rural water sources were 3.5 times more likely to be contaminated than urban sources (P = 0.01). Eight (33.3%) E. coli isolates were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was observed for 62.5% of the isolates. Seven (29.2%) E. coli isolates harboured at least one of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The majority (87.5%) of the STEC isolates were MDRs and harboured ESBL genes. STEC isolates were significantly more likely to resist six classes of antibiotics than non-STEC isolates. This is the first report of potable water contamination with MDR-STEC in Egypt. This study highlights an alarming public health threat that necessitates preventive interventions for public and environmental safety.

scholarly journals Microbial source tracking of private well water samples across at-risk regions in southern Ontario and analysis of traditional fecal indicator bacteria assays including culture and qPCR

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Krolik ◽  
Allison Maier ◽  
Shawna Thompson ◽  
Anna Majury
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacteriological Testing

Many people living in rural areas rely on privately owned wells as their primary source of drinking water. These water sources are at risk for fecal contamination of human, wildlife, and livestock origin. While traditional bacteriological testing involves culture-based methods, microbial source tracking (MST) assays present an opportunity to additionally determine the source of fecal contamination. This study investigated the main host sources of contamination in private well water samples with high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli), using MST with human and multi-species specific markers. Fecal contamination of human origin was detected in approximately 50% of samples, indicating that current contamination prevention strategies require reconsideration. The relationship between cattle density and fecal contamination of bovine origin was investigated using a Bovine Bacteroidales specific MST assay. Regional variations of microbial sources were examined, and may inform local primary prevention strategies. Additionally, in order to assess MST and E. coli quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays as indicators of fecal contamination, these were compared to E. coli culture methods. Variation in results was observed across all assay methods investigated, suggesting the most appropriate routine bacteriological testing methodology cannot be determined without comparison to a method that directly detects the presence of fecal contamination.

scholarly journals Detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from raw milk and artisanal cheese in Southern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Parussolo ◽  
Ricardo Antônio Pilegi Sfaciotte ◽  
Karine Andrezza Dalmina ◽  
Fernanda Danielle Melo ◽  
Ubirajara Maciel Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
E Coli

The serrano artisanal cheese is a typical product from South region of Brazil, which is produced by skilled cheesemakers using raw milk. The contamination of this food by Escherichia coli has a great impact on public health, since it could threat the consumers’ health. The study evaluated the presence of virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and bofilm-production ability of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from raw milk and artisanal cheese produced in Southern Brazil. A total of 117 isolates of E. coli were characterized by multiplex PCR to detect the following virulence genes: eae for enteropatogenic E. coli (EPEC), lt and st for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), stx for shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), stx and eae for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), ipaH for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and aggR for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility profile to 22 antimicrobial agents was also performed by disk diffusion method, and we searched for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and/or carbapenemase- producing isolates. Isolates that were positive for ESBL and carbapenemase were further investigated for the presence of the genes: blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, for ESBL and blaOXA-48 for carbapenemase. Further, isolates had their ability to form biofilms investigated by the red Congo agar method. Virulence genes of E. coli were identified in 21.37% of the tested isolates, which were classified as EPEC (the most prevalent pathotype) and ETEC or EAEC. Ten (8.55%) of the total studied E. coli isolates revealed a multidrug-resistant profile, since they were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes; whereas four isolates (3.42%) were classified as ESBL-producers and showed the presence of blaTEM gene. None of the isolates exhibited carbapenemase activity nor did they carry carbapenemase genes. From the total of E. coli isolates, 79 (67.52%) were considered potential biofilm producers. These results address a serious public health issue, since artisanal cheeses pose a risk to consumers’ health, since may be sources of dissemination of diarrheogenic E. coli, that can cause from subclinical to severe and fatal infections in children and adults, and also emphasize the need to improve adaptations/adjustments in the manufacturing processes of these products.

scholarly journals Borehole water: a potential health risk to rural communities in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Taonameso ◽  
L. S. Mudau ◽  
A. N. Traoré ◽  
N. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Point Mapping ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mapping Tool

Abstract Sporadic outbreaks of diarrhoea in children in the Vhembe rural areas could be an indication of contamination in drinking water sources. In areas where improved water sources are used, not all rural households experience the benefits of these improved water sources. Water samples were collected from boreholes in three wards in the Vhembe District to determine microbiological risks over a 5-month period. A Water Point Mapping tool was used to indicate the borehole distribution. Water samples were taken from each functional borehole and analysed for total coliform and Escherichia coli counts, electrical conductivity, pH and temperature. A multiplex PCR protocol was used for identification of pathogenic E. coli. A total of 125 boreholes were identified of which only 12 were functional. Seven boreholes tested positive for total coliforms and E. coli counts. Four boreholes (33.3%) tested positive for diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of water samples were without health risks, 17% were low risk and 25% could cause infection according to the South African water quality standards. This study indicated the importance of the role of the Municipalities and the maintenance plans that need to ensure that all boreholes are functional and provide safe drinking water to the rural communities.

scholarly journals Rural and urban prevalence of sexual assault against women in an African population

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Adeleke NA ◽  
Adebimpe WO ◽  
Farinloye EO ◽  
Olowookere AS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Sexual assault is about the most dehumanizing form of gender based violence against women worldwide. Nigeria and many other countries in Africa do not have National data on women sexual assault. This survey is aimed at generating data on sexual assault against women in Osun state, Nigeria. Objective: To determine the patterns of sexual assault against women in Urban and Rural areas of Osun State in South western Nigeria. Methodology: A cross section survey using interviewer administered questionnaire was carried out among selected 1,200 women aged 15 years and above in urban and rural areas, between August and December 2014. The questionnaire was patterned after WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence data instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.75 ±(13.22) years in rural area, in the urban area it was 27.69 ±(10.23) years. 46 % and 54 % were married in urban and rural areas respectively. The prevalence of completed rape was 10.0 % in urban and 9.2 % in rural, while that of attempted rape was 31.4 % and 20.0 % in the urban and rural area respectively. Women in the rural areas experienced repeat sexual assault and suffered non-genital injuries more the in urban area. Having partner and living in urban area were associated with female sexual assault. Conclusions: Sexual assault against women constitutes public health issue in Osun state with rural women incurring greater negative health consequences. Primary prevention strategies should focus at young men and women in both rural and urban areas of the state. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.628-635

scholarly journals A study on prevalence of overweight and obesity in school going adolescents and its association with socio-demographic factors in Lucknow district

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3792
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu Mishra ◽  
Pratibha Gupta ◽  
Mrinal Ranjan Srivastava ◽  
Beena Sachan ◽  
Zeashan Haider Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. Obesity has become a global public health issue and is widely recognized as a key risk factor for coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and many other health problems. The objectives of present study were to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its association with socio-demographic factors amongst school-going adolescents in Lucknow district.Methods: This study was a school-based cross-sectional study and was carried out in urban and rural areas of Lucknow, from January 2018 to June 2018. Sample size was 620. A multi-stage random sampling technique has been used to select the required sample size. Data analysis was done using software MS Office excel and SPSS 18 for windows.Results: A total of 620 adolescents were studied. Majority (82.1%) of adolescents were found to be non-overweight/obese while 17.9% were found to be overweight/obese. Majority (66.7%) of students were overweight or obese, belonging to social class I while only 15.7% students were overweight or obese belonging to social class V.Conclusions: The results of our study show that overweight/obesity continues to be a public health concern in adolescents. The current study shows that adolescent overweight and obesity are increasing even in low socio-economic status. Emphasis should be placed on awareness program for obesity prevention among school students by strengthening lifestyle change.

scholarly journals Opioid Addiction in Rural North Carolina: A Criminal Justice and Public Health Issue

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
James F. Anderson ◽  
Kelley Reinsmith-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Current Crisis

Opioid addiction and abuse has become a nationwide epidemic in America. Chief among the states where this behavior is most pervasive is North Carolina. Current statistics reveal that not only are addiction, abuse, and untimely deaths owing to overdose (especially from heroin use) are found in urban areas, but these behaviors are also pervasive in rural areas of the state where health experts and criminal justice officials struggle with the challenges of addressing public health and criminal justice consequences that come with drug addiction and abuse such as treatment, prevention, and punishments, respectively. Unlike urban areas that often have adequate resources to address these concerns, this is not the case in rural areas that struggle with more addicts and offenders than resources to manage this current crisis. Because of the complexity of the opioid crisis and many of the past lessons learned from the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s, we believe that society can more effectively address the new opioid epidemic by relying on both criminal justice as well as public health strategies.

scholarly journals Comparison of four β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase-based commercial culture methods used to detect Escherichia coli and total coliforms in water

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée F. Maheux ◽  
Vanessa Dion-Dupont ◽  
Sébastien Bouchard ◽  
Marc-Antoine Bisson ◽  
Michel G. Bergeron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Positive Signal ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
E Coli

The MI agar, Colilert®, Chromocult coliform® agar, and DC with BCIG agar chromogenic culture-based methods used to assess microbiological quality of drinking water were compared in terms of their ubiquity, sensitivity, ease of use, growth of atypical colonies and affordability. For ubiquity, 129 total coliform (representing 76 species) and 19 Escherichia coli strains were tested. Then, 635 1-L well water samples were divided into 100 mL subsamples for testing by all four methods. Test results showed that 70.5, 52.7, 36.4, and 23.3% of the non-E. coli total coliform strains and 94.7, 94.7, 89.5, and 89.5% of the 19 E. coli strains yielded a positive signal with the four methods, respectively. They also yielded a total coliform positive signal for 66.5, 51.7, 64.9, and 55.0% and an E. coli positive signal for 16.1, 14.8, 17.3, and 13.4% of the 635 well water samples tested, respectively. Results showed that Colilert® is the most expensive method tested in terms of reactants, yet it is the easiest to use. Large numbers of atypical colonies were also often observed on Chromocult coliform® and DC with BCIG, thereby challenging the target microorganism count. Thus, the MI agar method seems to be the best option for the assessment of drinking water quality.

scholarly journals THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKE BITE AND THEIR OUTCOME WITH DIFFERENT VARIABLES

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Kumar Jakhar ◽  
Arvind Jain
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Medical College

Background: Snake Bite is a life-threatening medical emergency & major public health issue throughout the world and especially in tropical countries like India. Snake bite which is a substantial cause of death in rural areas of developing countries, is a neglected public health problem. Methods: The study include the patient of snake bite who is admitted in department of medicine of M.D.M. Hospital attached to Dr S. N. Medical College Jodhpur during the period of one year January 01 2018 to December 31, 2018. Patients were enrolled after obtaining an informed consent and meeting inclusion criteria. Results: Maximum number of the cases did not receive any first aid and ASV& Pain killer was the most common component of the first aid. Two third of the cases were bitten by Viper snakes while one third by Cobra and Krait collectively. ASV dose was given as per the case response and in ASV dose of 30-50 VIAL was injected in majority of the victims (38.56). 30-50 VIAL was injected in majority of the victims. At time of hospital admission WBCT is normal in 52 patients (33.09%) while 101 patients had WBCT more than 20 min. Conclusion: Snakebite, an important occupational hazard, though preventable in principle remains to be one of the common medical emergencies. Primary prevention by imparting information regarding quick transport, correct first aid measures and training of primary level health workers can drastically bring down the mortality of this neglected tropical disease. Keywords: Snake bite, ASV, Viper.

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