scholarly journals Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidra Abbas ◽  
Imran Hashmi ◽  
Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
Ishtiaq A. Qazi ◽  
Mohammad A. Awan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
By Products

This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10−3 and 1.22 × 10−3, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city.

Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 960-970
Author(s):  
Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi ◽  
Ali Karimi ◽  
Vahid Ahmadi ◽  
Ali Asghar Sajedian ◽  
Ahmad Soltanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Petrochemical Plant

1,3-Butadiene is classified as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. This study aimed to assess cancer and non-cancer risk following occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a petrochemical plant producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer in Iran. Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene was measured according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1024 method. Cancer and non-cancer risk assessment were performed according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency method. The average occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene during work shifts among all participants was 560.82 ± 811.36 µg m−3. The average lifetime cancer risk (LCR) in the present study was 2.71 × 10−3; 82.2% of all exposed workers were within the definite carcinogenic risk level. Also, the mean non-cancer risk (hazard quotient (HQ)) among all participants was 10.82 ± 14.76. The highest LCR and HQ were observed in the safety and fire-fighting station workers with values of 7.75 × 10−3 and 36.57, respectively. The findings revealed that values of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk in the majority of participants were within the definitive and unacceptable risk levels. Therefore, corrective measures are necessary to protect these workers from non-cancer and cancer risks from 1,3-butadiene exposure.

Health Risk Assessment of Disinfection By-Products in the Water Distribution Network in a Southern City of Jiangsu

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 360-364
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Feng E. Zhang ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Chun Fang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Pipe Network ◽  
Southern City ◽  
By Products

The cancer risk assessment model recommended US EPA was used to access the carcinogenicity of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water distribution network in a Southern City of Jiangsu. The trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) with carcinogenic risk was considered to be the research focus on the cancer risk assessment. The carcinogenic risk along the pipeline was explored through monitoring the changes of the THMs and HAAs .The results showed as follows: the disinfection by-products increased along the pipe network and cancer risk increased too. The maximum cancer risk within the area of water supply pipe network was calculated. The RTmax was 4.72×10-5, which was between5.10-5 and 10-6. So the carcinogenic risk could be accepted and some measures could be considered to be taken to reduce the carcinogenic risk.

scholarly journals Assessing Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Risk Prediction Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geunwon Kim ◽  
Manisha Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Prediction Models ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment

Abstract Accurate and individualized breast cancer risk assessment can be used to guide personalized screening and prevention recommendations. Existing risk prediction models use genetic and nongenetic risk factors to provide an estimate of a woman’s breast cancer risk and/or the likelihood that she has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Each model is best suited for specific clinical scenarios and may have limited applicability in certain types of patients. For example, the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool, which identifies women who would benefit from chemoprevention, is readily accessible and user-friendly but cannot be used in women under 35 years of age or those with prior breast cancer or lobular carcinoma in situ. Emerging research on deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) models suggests that mammographic images contain risk indicators that could be used to strengthen existing risk prediction models. This article reviews breast cancer risk factors, describes the appropriate use, strengths, and limitations of each risk prediction model, and discusses the emerging role of AI for risk assessment.

scholarly journals Polygenic Breast Cancer Risk for Women Veterans in the Million Veteran Program

2021 ◽  
pp. 1178-1191
Author(s):  
Jessica Minnier ◽  
Nallakkandi Rajeevan ◽  
Lina Gao ◽  
Byung Park ◽  
Saiju Pyarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Incident Cases

PURPOSE Accurate breast cancer (BC) risk assessment allows personalized screening and prevention. Prospective validation of prediction models is required before clinical application. Here, we evaluate clinical- and genetic-based BC prediction models in a prospective cohort of women from the Million Veteran Program. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical BC risk prediction models were validated in combination with a genetic polygenic risk score of 313 (PRS313) single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genetic females without prior BC diagnosis (n = 35,130, mean age 49 years) with 30% non-Hispanic African ancestry (AA). Clinical risk models tested were Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium, literature review, and Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool, and implemented with or without PRS313. Prediction accuracy and association with incident breast cancer was evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), hazard ratios, and proportion with high absolute lifetime risk. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-eight participants developed incident breast cancers with a median follow-up of 3.9 years (2.5 cases/1,000 person-years), with 196 incident cases in women of European ancestry and 112 incident cases in AA women. Individualized Coherent Absolute Risk Estimator-literature review in combination with PRS313 had an AUC of 0.708 (95% CI, 0.659 to 0.758) in women with European or non-African ancestries and 0.625 (0.539 to 0.711) in AA women. Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool with PRS313 had an AUC of 0.695 (0.62 to 0.729) in European or non-AA and 0.675 (0.626 to 0.723) in AA women. Incorporation of PRS313 with clinical models improved prediction in European but not in AA women. Models estimated up to 9% of European and 18% of AA women with absolute lifetime risk > 20%. CONCLUSION Clinical and genetic BC risk models predict incident BC in a large prospective multiracial cohort; however, more work is needed to improve genetic risk estimation in AA women.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document