scholarly journals Presence of human noro- and adenoviruses in river and treated wastewater, a longitudinal study and method comparison

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Maunula ◽  
Kirsi Söderberg ◽  
Heli Vahtera ◽  
Veli-Pekka Vuorilehto ◽  
Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Method Comparison ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Charged Membrane ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
One Year

Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most common causative agents of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks. The main objective of the study was to determine the presence of human NoVs in river water and in treated wastewater (TW) released into the river. During a one-year survey in 2007/2008, NoVs were detected in 30.8% of river samples (20/65), and 40.5% of TW samples (17/45) with a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. NoVs were present in the river water in the winter and spring, coinciding with the NoV epidemiological peak in the community and the presence of NoVs in TW. Later in 2009, the concentration method used, pre-filtration with a Waterra filter combined with filtration through a negatively charged membrane, was evaluated against glass wool filtration and freeze-drying for the detection of adenoviruses in river water. The virus amounts measured varied greatly depending on the virus concentration method. The continued monitoring in the spring of 2009 also revealed that the average concentration of noro- and adenoviruses in TW was 2.64 × 103 and 1.29 × 104 pcr units per mL, respectively. No correlation between the presence of viruses and Escherichia coli was found. These results may be useful for risk assessment studies.

scholarly journals Development of a Virus Concentration Method and Its Application to Detection of Enterovirus and Norwalk Virus from Coastal Seawater

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1033-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Katayama ◽  
Akihiro Shimasaki ◽  
Shinichiro Ohgaki
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Coastal Seawater ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Charged Membrane

ABSTRACT We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H2SO4 (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields (>61%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.

Determination of naturally occurring noroviruses in coastal seawater by alkaline elution after acid rinse using negatively charged membrane

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katayama ◽  
A. Tanaka ◽  
M. Otaki ◽  
S. Ohgaki
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Elution ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Charged Membrane ◽  
Virus Concentration Method

A new procedure for concentrating viruses from seawater using a negatively charged membrane eluting with alkaline solution (NaOH, pH 10.5) after acid rinse (H2SO4, pH 3.0) was applied to determine naturally occurring enteric viruses in seawater in Tokyo bay. The levels of total coliforms and fecal coliforms ranged from 40 to 68000 (cfu/100ml) and from 2 to 32000 (cfu/100ml), respectively. The F-specific phages were not detected from 5 ml of 53 samples out of 61 tested. The levels of indicator microbes were not found to be related to the tide in Tokyo bay. Enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture RTÐPCR, but detected by direct RTÐPCR from approximately 10% of the samples. Noroviruses were found positive from approx. 31% of the winter samples (n=29), whereas only 3% from the summer samples (n=32). These results of direct RTÐPCR were equivalent to determination of Norwalk viruses occuring in 50 ml of seawater. These results suggested that the levels of noroviruses in Tokyo bay were higher in winter than those of enteroviruses The virus concentration method used was proved to be useful for determination of naturally occurring viruses in seawater, especially when applied prior to PCR detection of nonculturable viruses.

A New Large Scale Technic for Quantitative Recovery of Enteroviruses by Adsorption on Suspended Glass Powder. Application to Surface and Drinking Waters of the Paris Area

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
Ph Vilaginès ◽  
B Sarrette ◽  
C Danglot ◽  
R Vilaginès
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Glass Powder ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Paris Area ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Quantitative Recovery

The aim of this work is to describe a new and inexpensive glass powder apparatus allowing virus concentration from 500 1 sample of water (10). Its efficiency was determined by analysis of drinking and surface waters preinoculated by Poliovirus. The detection of viruses from river water is compared when 500 1 (new apparatus) or 10 1 (preceeding apparatus) (7) are processed. The proposed new 500 1 apparatus allowed the recuperation of viruses in 100 % of the analysed samples the 10 1 one allowing their recuperation in only 50 % samples. This method was applied to the virus determination in the surface and drinking waters of the Paris area.

Possible impact of treated wastewater discharge on incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in river water

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Iwane ◽  
T. Urase ◽  
K. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Escherichia coli and coliform group bacteria resistant to seven antibiotics were investigated in the Tama River, a typical urbanized river in Tokyo, Japan, and at a wastewater treatment plant located on the river. The percentages of antibiotic resistance in the wastewater effluent were, in most cases, higher than the percentages in the river water, which were observed increasing downstream. Since the possible increase in the percentages in the river was associated with treated wastewater discharges, it was concluded that the river, which is contaminated by treated wastewater with many kinds of pollutants, is also contaminated with antibiotic resistant coliform group bacteria and E.coli. The percentages of resistant bacteria in the wastewater treatment plant were mostly observed decreasing during the treatment process. It was also demonstrated that the percentages of resistance in raw sewage are significantly higher than those in the river water and that the wastewater treatment process investigated in this study works against most of resistant bacteria in sewage.

scholarly journals Analysis of mammary gland according to results of CMT (California Mastitis Test) and bacteriological findings in secretion

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 359-367
Author(s):  
Nazif Varatanovic ◽  
Amela Katica ◽  
Tarik Mutevelic ◽  
Nadzida Mlaco ◽  
Edin Hamzic
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Control ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
One Year

Health control of the mammary gland was conducted comparing results of CMT (California Mastitis Test) and bacteriological findings of milk samples during one year. A total of 3863 secretion samples of mammary glands were collected. There were 85.3% matches for CMT and bacteriological findings. The most frequently isolated causative agents were: staphylococci (52.4%), streptococcus bacteria (23.5%), mixed infections (13.1%), and enterobacteria (10.3%). Secretions disorder and inflammations of mammary gland are most common for the warm period of the year, and very rare for the winter period. With permanent use of these two methods it is possible to obtain satisfactory results in order to get better milk production and health condition of the mammary gland. .

An efficient virus concentration method and RT-nested PCR for detection of rotaviruses in environmental water samples

2005 ◽  
Vol 124 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leera Kittigul ◽  
Som Ekchaloemkiet ◽  
Fuangfa Utrarachkij ◽  
Kanokrat Siripanichgon ◽  
Dusit Sujirarat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Virus Concentration Method

Sanitation of fish farms and prevention of fish diseases by pond drying with the use of fish and grass rotation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Наумова ◽  
A. Naumova ◽  
Наумова ◽  
A. Naumova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Fish Farm ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Annual Frequency ◽  
One Year

Objective of research: to present the actuality and novelty of application of fish and grass “rotation” because this allows to reveal new data on pond drainage planning which is the most effective in sanitation of the fish farm. Materials and methods: to determine the most effective cycle for the summer drying of ponds, we studied ecological and epizootological features of fishing ponds, which had been used after drying within 1 and 5 years. As research object served 8 fish ponds: 4 drained ponds under crop (40 ha), 4 — overflowed (40 ha) and filled with one-year carps (2,5-З thousand ind./ha) and silver carps (1,2-1,4 thousand ind./ha). Results and discussion: The results of comparative research on anti-epizootic efficacy of pond drying at different periodicity of 1 and 5 years with the use of fish and grass “rotation” are provided. Data on decreased invasion of fishes (carp, silver carp) by parasites, absence of causative agents of infection, improved blood indicators, increased fish production at annual pond drying (with the use of fish and grass “rotation”) compared with the pond drying of 5 year periodicity are presented. Advantages of economic efficacy of the annual frequency of pond drying are confirmed: twice increased commercial fish production; reduced expenses for purchase of food (own barley and wheat production), drugs, disinfectants, fertilizers that allow increasing economic revenue and making profit.

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