scholarly journals Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 and sporadically also genotype 1 circulate in the population of Catalonia, Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Clemente-Casares ◽  
Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano ◽  
Rosina Girones
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Urban Sewage

Autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains have been described infecting populations of industrialized countries, previously considered as non-endemic areas. The HEV strains circulating in one of those areas in south-western Europe (Barcelona, Spain) have been studied by analysing amplicons obtained from HEV genomes identified in wastewater, biosolids and sludge. Six sewage and two biosolid HEV positive samples from urban wastewater treatment plants and two positive HEV sludge samples with animal contamination were analysed by cloning and sequencing of 10–12 clones per sample. The results proved the presence of HEV strains belonging to genotype 3 and also sporadically to genotype 1 in urban sewage and biosolids, showing the simultaneous circulation of diverse HEV strains in the human population of the studied area. Only HEV genotype 3 was identified in slaughterhouse sludge samples. The circulation of genotype 1 in industrialized areas may have further health implications since this genotype has been associated with important epidemics in developing areas. Contamination of food and water through their contact with sewage not properly treated and biosolids presenting HEV may represent a significant risk for human populations in relation to HEV even in industrialized areas.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Sewage and Genotype 1 in Acute Hepatitis Cases, Israel

2016 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ram ◽  
Yael Gozlan ◽  
Ella Mendelson ◽  
Orna Mor ◽  
Ziv Ben-Ari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype

scholarly journals Use of Serological Assays for Diagnosis of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1 and 3 Infections in a Setting of Low Endemicity

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Herremans ◽  
J. Bakker ◽  
E. Duizer ◽  
H. Vennema ◽  
M. P. G. Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Immunoblot Assay ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

ABSTRACT Because of the occurrence of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in regions of low endemicity, it is important to validate the currently used serological assays for diagnosing infections with viruses belonging to this lineage, since these assays only use antigens derived from genotype 1 and 2 viruses. We evaluated the Genelabs enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the RecomBlot from Mikrogen for the detection of HEV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG under conditions of low endemicity. We compared test results of 16 patients with locally acquired genotype 3 HEV, 8 genotype 1 patients, 167 healthy controls from the general population, and 101 cases with hepatitis due to other viral causes. The measured specificities of the ELISA (98%) and the RecomBlot (97%) were comparable to those given by the manufacturer for IgM but were significantly lower for IgG (93% by ELISA and 66% by immunoblotting, versus reported values of 98% for ELISA and 95% for blotting). Antibody levels detected following infections with genotype 3 were lower than those following genotype 1 infections except for those measured in the IgM ELISA. Reactivity to the four antigens used in the immunoblot assay were analyzed and showed differences in the IgM immunoblot reactions between genotype 1 patients and genotype 3 patients. The ORF3 antigen was the most specific antigen. The specificity could be improved by a combined testing regimen with confirmation by immunoblotting of all positive ELISA results and by raising the cutoff of the IgG immunoblot assay without loss of sensitivity. We conclude that a combination of ELISA and immunoblotting is needed for acceptable specificity and sensitivity of HEV assays under conditions of low endemicity.

scholarly journals Light and Darkness: Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among the General Population

Scientifica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Manuel Echevarría
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Epidemiology Studies ◽  
The Impact

Human hepatitis E virus (HHEV) spreads early in life among the population in areas endemic for genotype 1 and infects mainly adults in areas endemic for genotype 3, where it would be responsible for about 10% of cases of suspected acute viral hepatitis of unknown etiology and for a number of subclinical, unrecognized infections. The overall prevalence of antibody to HHEV is high in most of the former areas and low in most of the later ones, but wide regional differences have been recorded in both cases. “Hot spots” of HHEV infection would exist for both types of strains in particular regions or among particular populations of the world. Studies on pork derivatives, shellfish bivalves, and vegetables for HHEV contamination at the sale point need to be extended for evaluating the impact of the agent on food safety, and the meaning of the finding of HHEV genotype 1 genomes in urban sewage from developed countries should be established through active surveillance. Consensus about technical issues in regard to anti-HEV testing would improve the knowledge of the HHEV epidemiology. Studies in particular regions and populations, and introduction of molecular diagnosis in the clinical setting as a routine tool, would also be required.

Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Sewage and Genotype 1 in Sporadic Acute Hepatitis Cases in Israel

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. S374 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ram ◽  
Y. Manor ◽  
Y. Gozlan ◽  
E. Schwartz ◽  
Z. Ben-Ari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Sporadic Acute Hepatitis

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1e Strain from an Outbreak in Nigeria, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola Anuoluwapo Akanbi ◽  
Dominik Harms ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Oluyinka Oladele Opaleye ◽  
Olufisayo Adesina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Sub Saharan

Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 (HEV-1) is associated with large epidemics. Notably, HEV subtype 1e (HEV-1e) has caused HEV outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Shaoli Lin ◽  
Yan-Jin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Zoonotic Infections

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents for liver inflammation across the world. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Human HEV strains mainly belong to four major genotypes in the genus Orthohepevirus A, family Hepeviridae. Among the four genotypes, genotype 1 and 2 are obligate human pathogens, and genotype 3 and 4 cause zoonotic infections. HEV infection with genotype 1 and 2 mainly presents as acute and self-limiting hepatitis in young adults. However, HEV infection of pregnant women with genotype 1 strains can be exacerbated to fulminant hepatitis, resulting in a high rate of case fatality. As pregnant women maintain the balance of maternal-fetal tolerance and effective immunity against invading pathogens, HEV infection with genotype 1 might dysregulate the balance and cause the adverse outcome. Furthermore, HEV infection with genotype 3 can be chronic in immunocompromised patients, with rapid progression, which has been a challenge since it was reported years ago. The virus has a complex interaction with the host cells in downregulating antiviral factors and recruiting elements to generate a conducive environment of replication. The virus-cell interactions at an early stage might determine the consequence of the infection. In this review, advances in HEV virology, viral life cycle, viral interference with the immune response, and the pathogenesis in pregnant women are discussed, and perspectives on these aspects are presented.

scholarly journals Evaluation of hepatitis E antigen kinetics and its diagnostic utility for prediction of the outcomes of hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection

Virulence ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1334-1344
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar ◽  
Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan ◽  
Muhamad R. Abdel Hameed ◽  
Ayat M. Kamel ◽  
Sahar A. Mandour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Diagnostic Utility ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Virus Genotype

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Strains in Domestic Pigs, Cameroon

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Salete de Paula ◽  
Matthias Wiele ◽  
Afegenwi H. Mbunkah ◽  
Achukwi M. Daniel ◽  
Manchang T. Kingsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Domestic Pigs

DETECTION AND PHYLOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS GENOTYPE 3 IN A CAPTIVE WILD BOAR IN THAILAND

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuwat Wiratsudakul ◽  
Ladawan Sariya ◽  
Phirom Prompiram ◽  
Siriporn Tantawet ◽  
Duangkhamol Suraruangchai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Phylogenetic Characterization
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