scholarly journals Estimation of the total daily oral intake of NDMA attributable to drinking water

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Fristachi ◽  
Glenn Rice
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Human Carcinogen ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Daily Oral Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
By Products

Disinfection with chlorine and chloramine leads to the formation of many disinfection by-products including N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Because NDMA is a probable human carcinogen, public health officials are concerned with its occurrence in drinking water. The goal of this study was to estimate NDMA concentrations from exogenous (i.e., drinking water and food) and endogenous (i.e., formed in the human body) sources, calculate average daily doses for ingestion route exposures and estimate the proportional oral intake (POI) of NDMA attributable to the consumption of drinking water relative to other ingestion sources of NDMA. The POI is predicted to be 0.02% relative to exogenous and endogenous NDMA sources combined. When only exogenous sources are considered, the POI was predicted to be 2.7%. The exclusion of endogenously formed NDMA causes the POI to increase dramatically, reflecting its importance as a potentially major source of exposure and uncertainty in the model. Although concentrations of NDMA in foods are small and human exposure to NDMA from foods is quite low, the contribution from food is predicted to be high relative to that of drinking water. The mean concentration of NDMA in drinking water would need to increase from 2.1 × 10−3 μg/L to 0.10 μg/L, a 47-fold increase, for the POI to reach 1%, relative to all sources of NDMA considered in our model, suggesting that drinking water consumption is most likely a minor source of NDMA exposure.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment: A Case Study of Tembi River

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shanbehzadeh ◽  
Marzieh Vahid Dastjerdi ◽  
Akbar Hassanzadeh ◽  
Toba Kiyanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Standard Range

This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in water and sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Tembi River, Iran. Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the average concentration of the metals in water and sediment on downstream was more than that of upstream. The comparison of the mean concentrations of heavy metals in water of the Tembi River with drinking water standards and those in the water used for agriculture suggests that the mean concentration of Cu and Zn lies within the standard range for drinking water and the mean concentration of Mn, Zn, and Pb lies within the standard range of agricultural water. The highest average concentration on downstream for Pb in water and for Mn in sediment was 1.95 and 820.5 ppm, respectively. Also, the lowest average concentration on upstream was identified for Cd in water and sediment 0.07 and 10 ppm, respectively. With regard to the results, it gets clear that using the water for recreational purposes, washing, and fishing is detrimental to human health and the environment.

Hormonal changes in post-partum blood plasma and milk of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Pahwa ◽  
R. S. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Complete Regression ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Similar Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Mean Concentration

ABSTRACTPost-partum changes in the concentration of progesterone, oestradiol-17β and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay in the blood plasma and milk of 28 buffaloes. The mean concentration of progesterone in the plasma of normal animals was 0·24 ± 0·04 μ.g/1 on the day of calving and decreased linearly during the post-partum period, until the complete regression of the residual corpus luteum of pregnancy occurred, when the plasma concentration was recorded as 0μ05 to 0μ08 μg/l. The concentration at a silent oestrus was 0μ17 ± 0·02 μ.g/1. The milk progesterone profile was parallel to that of plasma but the level was 2 to 4 times higher.The mean concentration of oestradiol-17β in plasma was 41·0 ± 2·34 ng/1 on the day of calving; it declined significantly by day 1 post partum (P < 0·001) and fluctuated between 8 and 16 ng/1 until oestrus, when the concentration was approximately 25 ng/1. The oestradiol-17β concentration in milk was significantly higher than that of plasma on the day of calving. During the first 20 days post partum, a similar concentration of oestradiol-17β was maintained in both fluids but thereafter the concentration in milk was 2 to 3 times that of plasma.The mean concentration of prolactin in plasma was 212·6± 19·08 μg/1 on the day of calving and then declined and fluctuated between 70 and 270 μg/1 during the rest of the period. A minor elevation occurred around oestrus. The prolactin concentration for the first 2 days post partum in milk was significantly higher than that in plasma but during the rest of the period it was similar to that in plasma.The progesterone concentrations were slightly lower in anoestrous animals than in those cycling. The concentration of prolactin was significantly higher in multiparous animals (P < 0·001), whilst the progesterone and oestradiol values were similar in primiparous and multiparous animals.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SOURCE FINGERPRINTING OF DEPOSITIONAL OIL FROM THE KUWAIT OIL FIRES

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Henry ◽  
Edward B. Overton
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Oil Field Fires

ABSTRACT Depositional oil and soot derived from the 1991 Kuwait oil field fires produced huge tar mats in the desert. The concentration of oil in the upper 5 cm of the desert surface ranged from 1.16 to 8.92 percent oil by weight as determined by TPH analysis over a 10 km transect in southern Kuwait. The mean concentration of asphaltenes in the tar mat samples was estimated at 62 percent; a greater than 17-fold increase in concentration over unweathered Kuwait crude oil. The remaining oil forming these tar mats is believed to be derived from petroleum that escaped combustion within the well fires. Results from GC/MS analyses characterize the depositional oil as being significantly altered by evaporative weathering. We suspect that evaporation of the depositional oil will continue, further consolidating the weathered oil, sand, and soot into asphalt-like zones which will remain for a very long time as features of the Kuwait desert. Significant quantities of oil residue from the fires also fell into the Arabian Gulf, contributing to what may be the largest man-made oil spill.

THE MEAN CONCENTRATION OF URANIUM IN DRINKING WATER, URINE, AND HAIR OF THE OCCUPATIONALLY UNEXPOSED FINNISH WORKING POPULATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarit Muikku ◽  
Marketta Puhakainen ◽  
Tarja Heikkinen ◽  
Taina Ilus
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Working Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

scholarly journals BISPHENOL A DETECTION IN PACKAGED DRINKING WATER AND BEVERAGES USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Neha P. Sangai ◽  
◽  
Himanshu A. Pandya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Background: Bisphenol A is characterized as an endocrine disruptor as it interferes with the synthesis of hormones and metabolism resulting in abnormality in the homeostatis of exposed persons. It is used in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins which are utilized in the preparation of almost all plastic packaging materials like plastic bottles, cans, food containers, and coating on food containers. Objective: To detect leaching of Bisphenol A in 15 samples of Bottled water and Beverages using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction technique was used for analytical detection of BPA from bottled drinking water and beverages. Results: BPA contamination in Bottled drinking water was calculated through mean concentration for a time period of 30 days as (0.38 ng/ml - 0 day), 8.86 ng/ml (5th day), 17.85 ng/ml (10th day), 30.35 ng/ml (20th day) and 44.48 ng/ml (30th day)). The mean concentration of BPA was observed to be 0.25 to 2.25 ng/ml. Also, the mean concentration of BPA at different temperatures was observed to be 5.96 ng/ml (at 40C), 5.62 ng/ml (at 200C) and 8.80 ng/ml (at 550C). The above results revealed presence of high concentration of BPA in all the samples of bottled drinking water and beverages. Conclusion: The results obtained in the above study depicted considerable amount of BPA leaching from bottled containers into drinking water and beverages. Prolong usage of bottled water and beverages should be avoided to reduce the risk of human exposure to BPA through leaching. Also, it was found that high temperatures resulted in increased BPA leaching.

scholarly journals Determination of Arsenic (As) and Iron (Fe) Concentration in Ground Water and Associated Health Risk by Arsenic Contamination in Singair Upazila, Manikganj District, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Atkeeya Tasneem ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed ◽  
Md. Khabir Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Mean Concentration

Contamination of drinking water by Arsenic (As) & Iron (Fe) is nowadays appeared as a big concern for public health and environment as well. Immoderate and continued revelation of inorganic arsenic along with drinking water is triggering arsenicosis. High Fe and As concentration found in the study area is also appeared as very challenging to those people who are consuming the water on regular basis and they may confront to a high health risk. This study is conducted to determine the concentration of Fe and As in ground tube-well containing possible health risk in Bangladesh which examines the ground water As and Fe scenario of Singair Upazila, Manikganj district. Total 40 samples were collected from the study area. As and Fe were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study found As concentration ranged from 0.0011 to 0.0858 mg/L with the mean concentration as 0.04186 mg/L. Concentration of Fe was found 0.175 to 13.865 mg/L with the mean concentration as 3.600 mg/L whereas WHO standard level is 0.01 mg/L for As and 0.3 mg/l for Fe. It was also noticed that As and Fe concentration in shallow tube-well was relatively high than that in deep tube-well and a strong correlation between As and Fe was marked in the ground water. Therefore, to cope with this challenge, people should look for other sources or relocate the tube-well or treat the water for drinking and other everyday purposes.

scholarly journals Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtamu Demelash Enyew ◽  
Abebe Hailu Beyene ◽  
Zewdu Abebe ◽  
Addisu Dagnaw Melese
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
High Fluoride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Background High fluoride concentrations in ground water is a serious health, social and economic problem in developing countries. The Ethiopian Rift Valley is associated with high fluoride levels in ground water where deep wells are the major source of drinking water supply. Many epidemiological studies on fluoride concentration and its adverse effects have been carried out. However, the result is scattered in different studies which needs systematically summarized for utilization.Objective The aim of this research is to estimate the pooled level of fluoride concentration in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian rift valley.Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane library and Google scholar databases were systematically searched for studies reporting the mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift valley. We identified search terms by extracting key terms from reviews and selected relevant papers and review medical subject headings for relevant and appropriate terms.Results The mean concentration of fluoride in ground water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis were pooled from eleven and nine primary studies conducted in Ethiopian Rift Valley respectively. The pooled mean concentration of fluoride in ground water therefore was 6.03 mg/l (95% CI; 4.72–7.72, p < 0.001) and the pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis among residents in Ethiopian rift valley was 32% (95% CI: 25, 39%, p<0.001), 29% (95% CI: 22, 36%, p<0.001) and 24% (95% CI: 17, 32%, p<0.001 for mild, moderate and sever fluorosis respectively. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis is 28% (95% CI: 24, 32%, p<0.001).Conclusions The mean concentration of fluoride in ground water in Ethiopian rift valley is nearly four times greater than the WHO guideline (1.5mg/l). Relatively high-level pooled prevalence of dental fluorosis was also seen in Ethiopian rift valley. Therefore, further studies covering the temperature, exposure time and other intake path ways including diet with large sample size is recommended. Interventional projects should conduct to decrease the concentration of fluoride in the ground drinking water source.

scholarly journals Determination of heavy metals concentration in drinking water of Potiskum Metropolitan, North Eastern, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dahiru Audu ◽  
Madu Mamman Maianguwa ◽  
Ibrahim Gana Geidam
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Value Set ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Standard Organization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The mean concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), and Iron (Fe) in drinking water of Potiskum metropolitan were investigated. The water samples were collected from the following locations; ARK, PMP, MMD, ABB, NHT, FCE, and JGW. The sample's physic-chemical parameters such as pH, Temperature, and Conductivity were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The pH result for the three sample locations ABB (9.6), PMP (9.2), and JGW (8.8) was recorded and found to be above the recommended value set by Standard Organization of Nigerian (SON). Meanwhile, there Conductivities values were reported to be below the limit value (1ms/cm) set by SON. The results obtained the highest mean concentration of cadmium was recorded in FCE (0.004±0.01 ppm) and observed above the recommended value set by WHO(0.003ppm), the highest mean concentration of lead was found in FCE (0.090±0.012 ppm) and all mean concentrations of lead were recorded above the recommended values set by WHO(0.01ppm) and SON(0.01ppm), the highest concentration of zinc was recorded in JGW (0.024±0.026 ppm) and all sampling points have recorded the concentrations of zinc below the recommended value set by WHO(5.0ppm) and SON(3.0ppm). The highest mean concentration of iron was recorded in ARK (0.310±0.063 ppm) and all sampling points have recorded the concentrations of iron below the recommended value set by SON (0.3ppm) except ARK (recorded above).

scholarly journals Organoleptic and palatability properties of drinking water sources and its health implications in Ethiopia: a retrospective study during 2010-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Sisay Derso Mengesha ◽  
Abel Weldetinsae ◽  
Kirubel Tesfaye ◽  
Girum Taye
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Background: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of drinking water sources in Ethiopia and compare the water quality with the health-based target. For this purpose, the water quality database of Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) from 2010 to 2016 was used. Methods: The concentration and other properties of the water samples were analyzed according to the Standard Methods of Water and Wastewater analysis. Quality control and quality assurance were applied in all stages following our laboratory standard operation procedures (SOPs). Results: The concentration of the selected parameters varied based on the type of water sources. The mean concentration of turbidity was higher in spring water (21.3 NTU) compared to tap (12.6 NTU) and well (3.9 NTU) water sources. The mean concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), and sulfate (SO4 -2) was found to be higher in spring water sources than tap and well water sources. Comparably, the concentration of hardness, calcium, and magnesium was found to be higher in well water sources than spring and tap water sources. The bivariate analysis indicated that out of 845 analyzed water samples, more than 50% of the samples from Oromia region had turbidity, pH, TDS, hardness, Ca++, K+, and Na+ within an acceptable limit. In addition, the logistic regression analysis showed that water quality parameters were strongly associated with the type of water sources and regional administration at P<0.05. Conclusion: More than 80% of the samples analyzed from drinking water sources were in agreement with WHO guidelines and national standards. However, the remaining 20% specifically, pH (25%), calcium (20%), hardness (18.1%), TDS (15.5%), and turbidity (13.3%) analyzed from improved water sources did not comply with these recommendations. Due to objectionable or unpleasant taste, people may force to look for alternative unprotected water sources that lead to health concerns.

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