scholarly journals Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in surface waters of rural Bangladesh: Pilot study

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Welker ◽  
Ingrid Chorus ◽  
Jutta Fastner ◽  
Saleha Khan ◽  
Md Mahfuzul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
High Concentrations

In Bangladesh the exposure of millions of inhabitants to water from (shallow) tube wells contaminated with high geogenic loads of arsenic is a major concern. As an alternative to the costly drilling of deep wells, the return to the use of surface water as a source of drinking water is considered. In addition to the well-known hazards of water borne infectious diseases associated with the use of surface water, recently the potential public health implications of toxic cyanobacteria have been recognized. As a first step towards a risk assessment for cyanotoxins in Bangladesh surface waters, seston samples of 79 ponds were analysed in late summer 2002 for the presence of cyanobacteria and microcystins (MCYST), the most frequently detected cyanobacterial toxins worldwide. Microcystins could be detected in 39 ponds, mostly together with varying abundance of potentially microcystin-producing genera such as Microcystis, Planktothrix and Anabaena. Total microcystin concentrations ranged between <0.1 and >1,000 μg l−1, and more than half of the positive samples contained high concentrations of more than 10 μg l−1. The results clearly show that concentrations of microcystins well above the provisional WHO guideline value of 1 μg l−1 MCYST-LR can be frequently detected in Bangladesh ponds. Thus, an increasing use of surface water for human consumption introduces a risk of replacing one health hazard by another and therefore needs to be accompanied by cyanotoxin hazard assessments.

scholarly journals Quality of Drinking Water in the Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurtazin ◽  
Steven Pueppke ◽  
Temirkhan Ospan ◽  
Azamat Mukhitdinov ◽  
Timur Elebessov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Growth Economic

The thinly populated Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region lies in the lower reaches of the Ili-Balkhash basin, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. The district is arid and heavily dependent on inflows of surface water, which are threatened by the effects of upstream population growth, economic development, and climate change. The quality of drinking water from centralized water systems and tube wells in nine villages of the district was analyzed, and the organoleptic properties of water from these sources was also assessed by an expert and via surveys of local residents. Although most samples met governmental standards for the absence of chemical impurities, high concentrations of mineralization, chlorides, boron, iron, and/or uranium were present in some well water samples. Levels of these pollutants were as much as 4-fold higher than governmental maxima and as much as 16-fold higher than concentrations reported previously in surface water. All centralized water samples met standards for absence of microbial contamination, but total microbial counts in some well water samples exceeded standards. Organoleptic standards were met by all the water from five villages, but centralized water from one village and well water from four villages failed to meet standards based on expert judgment. Residents were, for the most part, more satisfied with centralized rather than well water, but there was no obvious relationship between the failure of water to meet standards and the locations or populations of the settlements. This is the first comprehensive assessment of groundwater used for drinking in the lower Ili-Balkhash basin, and although it relies on a limited number of samples, it nevertheless provides evidence of potentially serious groundwater contamination in the Balkhash District. It is thus imperative that additional and more detailed studies be undertaken.

Potentially toxic metals and metalloids in surface water intended for human consumption and other uses in the Mantaro River watershed, Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 237-245
Author(s):  
María Custodio ◽  
Daniel Álvarez ◽  
Walter Cuadrado ◽  
Raúl Montalvo ◽  
Salomé Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Potentially Toxic Metals ◽  
Metals And Metalloids ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Mine Wastewater ◽  
High Concentrations

The concentration of Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As in the surface water intended for human consumption and other uses in the Mantaro River basin were analysed using multivariate methods. The water samples were collected from seven water bodies in the Junín region in June 2019, in the low discharge period. In each body of water, a sector with six sampling sites was established. The Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As contents were determined by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The correlation analysis revealed positive and significant correlations (P < 0.05) for the Zn/Pb, Pb/Fe and Zn/Fe pairs with a good association, higher than 0.80 and for the Pb/Cu, Fe/Cu, As/Pb and As/Zn pairs a weak degree of association (P < 0.05). The analysis of the main components showed three components with their own values > 1. The hierarchical grouping analysis classified the evaluated water bodies into three groups according to the concentration of the Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As. The high concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic recorded in the CIMIRM and MERIS irrigation channels reveal that the Mantaro River continues to be a sink for mine wastewater discharges and runoff from mining liabilities at the headwaters of the Mantaro basin. It is, therefore, necessary to implement urgent management policies to control and reduce the levels of contamination by potentially toxic metals and metalloids in the Mantaro River.

scholarly journals Impacts of Agrochemicals on Water Quality Parameters in Aboisso Region (South-East of Cote d’Ivoire)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Assouman Amadou ◽  
Kpan Oulai Jean- Gautier ◽  
Gnamba Franck Maxime ◽  
Oga Yéï Marie Solange ◽  
Biémi Jean
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Guide Values ◽  
The Impact

Aboisso region is experiencing unprecedented agricultural activities. Cultural techniques such as the use of insecticides are harming the quality of water. This study aims to assess the impact of insecticides on the water quality in the Aboisso region. Thirty-one (31) water points (10 surface water and 21 groundwater) were sampled. The determination of physicochemical parameters as well as the multi-residue method used for insecticides analysis in the samples allowed us to achieve our objective. The result of the physicochemical analysis shows that the temperature of groundwater (27.91°C) is higher than surface water temperature (26.77°C). These waters are mostly acidic with a slightly lower pH for groundwater (6.46) compared to surface water (6.54). The conductivity is higher in groundwater (average of 130.46 µS/cm) as opposed to surface water (average of 43.50 µS/cm). After applying the multi-residue method, the results reveal the presence of nine (9) active ingredients. In surface waters, all these molecules, except Lambda-cyhalothrin and Deltamethrin, exceed the WHO guide values (0.1 µg/L). The highest concentrations recorded concern ethyl parathion and profenofos (8.24 µg/L and 8.04 µg/L respectively). In groundwater, it is rather Parathion-methyl, Profenofos, Dimethoate, Chlorpyriphos-ethyl, Lambda-cyhalothrin and Deltamethrin that are often at below WHO standards. However, the present study reveals that all of the water samples analysed were polluted, owing to anthropogenic used of insecticides in the region, and other chemicals with high concentrations of parathion-ethyl: 8.24 µg/L and profenofos: 8.04 µg/L. These waters are therefore unfit for human consumption.

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial variability of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins in three interconnected freshwater reservoirs

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1303-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Bláha ◽  
Lucie Bláhová ◽  
Jiří Kohoutek ◽  
Ondřej Adamovský ◽  
Pavel Babica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cyanobacterial Toxins ◽  
Toxic Cyanobacteria ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Natural Dynamics

In spite of substantial research on health and the ecological risks associated with cyanobacterial toxins in the past decades, the understanding of the natural dynamics and variability of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is still limited. Herein, the results of long term monitoring 1998-1999 / 2001-2008 of three reservoirs (V?r, Brno and Nov? Ml?ny), where toxic blooms develop annually, are reported. These three reservoirs provide a unique model because they are interconnected by the Svratka River, which allows possible transfer of phytoplankton as well as toxins from one reservoir to another. The frequency of the occurrence and dominance of the major cyanobacterial taxa Microcystis aeruginosa did not change during the investigated period but substantial variability was observed in the composition of other phytoplankton. Although absolute concentrations of the studied toxins (microcystins) differed among the reservoirs, there were apparent parallel trends. For example, during certain years, the microcystin concentrations were systematically elevated in all three studied reservoirs. Furthermore, the concentration profiles in the three sites were also correlated (parallel trends) within individual seasons based on monthly sampling. Microcystin-LR, a variant for which the World Health Organization has recommended a guideline value, formed only about 30-50% of the total microcystins. This is of importance, especially in the V?r reservoir that serves as a drinking water supply. Maxima in the cell-bound microcystins (intracellular; expressed per dry weight biomass) generally preceded the maxima of total microcystins (expressed per volume of water sample). Overall, the maximum concentration in the biomass (all three reservoirs, period 1993-2005) was 6.1 mg g-1 dry weight and the median values were in the range 0.065-2.3 mg g-1 dry weight. These are generally high concentrations in comparison with both Czech Republic and worldwide reported data. The present data revealed substantial variability of both toxic cyanobacteria and their peptide toxins that should be reflected by detailed monitoring programs.

scholarly journals Microcystin-LR in surface water of Ponjavica river

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Natic ◽  
Dragana Jovanovic ◽  
Tanja Knezevic ◽  
Vesna Karadzic ◽  
Zorica Bulat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Eutrophic Water ◽  
Coupled Columns ◽  
Growth Methods

Background/Aim. Cyanobacterial toxins befall a group of various compounds according to chemical structure and health effects on people and animals. The most significant in this large group of compounds are microcystins. Their presence in water used for human consumption causes serious health problems, liver beeing the target organ. Microcystins are spread all over the world. Waterblooms of cyanobacterias and their cyanotoxins are also common in the majority of surface waters in Serbia. The aim of this study was to propose HPLC method for determination of mikrocystin-LR, to validate the method and to use it for determination of microcystin-LR in the surface water of the river Ponjavica. The Ponjavica is very eutrophic water and has ideal conditions for the cyanobacterial growth. Methods. Sample of water form the Ponjavica river were collected during the summer 2008. Coupled columns (HLB, Sep-Pak), were used for sample preparation and HPLC/PDA method was used for quantification of microcystin- LR. Results. Parameters of validation show that the proposed method is simple, fast, sensitive (0.1 mg/L) and selective with the yield of 89%-92%. The measuring uncertainty of ?? 5% was obtained. The obtained results for surface water show that microcystin concentration reached the maximum level during August and September (1.5 ?g/L). The value is higher than maximum allowable concentration of microcystin in drinking water (1 ?g/L) proposed by WHO. Conclusion. This study contributes to the issue of pollution of the National Park Ponjavica. Besides, literature data and WHO clearly point out harmfulness of cyanobasterias and their toxins and implicate the necessity of legislation concerning determination and monitoring of these toxins in our country. Method used for quentification of mycrocystin-LR was shown to be sensitive, selective, rapid and simple and could be recommended for routine determination of this toxin.

Groundwater protection and diffuse nitrogen emissions to surface waters – which catchment areas have to be considered?

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
C. Schilling ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
A.P. Blaschke ◽  
D. Gutknecht ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Catchment Areas

Two Austrian case study regions within the Danube basin have been selected for detailed investigations of groundwater and surface water quality at the catchment scale. Water balance calculations have been performed using the conceptual continuous time SWAT 2000 model to characterise catchment hydrology and to identify individual runoff components contributing to river discharge. Nitrogen emission calculations have been performed using the empirical emission model MONERIS to relate individual runoff components to specific nitrogen emissions and for the quantification of total nitrogen emissions to surface waters. Calculated total nitrogen emissions to surface waters using the MONERIS model were significantly influenced by hydrological conditions. For both catchments the groundwater could be identified as major emission pathway of nitrogen emissions to the surface waters. Since most of the nitrogen is emitted by groundwater to the surface water, denitrification in groundwater is of considerable importance reducing nitrogen levels in groundwater along the flow path towards the surface water. An approach was adopted for the grid-oriented estimation of diffuse nitrogen emissions based on calculated groundwater residence time distributions. Denitrification in groundwater was considered using a half life time approach. It could be shown that more than 90% of the total diffuse nitrogen emissions were contributed by areas with low groundwater residence times and short distances to the surface water. Thus, managing diffuse nitrogen emissions the location of catchment areas has to be considered as well as hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, which significantly influence denitrification in the groundwater and reduce nitrogen levels in groundwater on the flow path towards the surface water.

Viruses and Water: Problems, Detection, and Control

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dizer ◽  
J. Dürkop ◽  
A. Grohmann ◽  
H. Kopecka ◽  
J. M. López-Pila
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Water Problems

Secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants contains a high number of viruses and other pathogens, which pose a health risk to the population, (especially when receiv ng waters are used for bathing and swimming, or for growing shellfish. In areas with a high density of population, where drinking water supply is dependent on surface waters and contaminated rivers are the primary source of drinking water, failure of the filtration or of the disinfection step, or of any other “barriers” supposed to warrant safe potable water, will increase the risk of health hazard for the consumer. We have compared the efficiency of viral elimination in secondary effluent by flocculation, uv rradiation and membrane filtration taking naturally occurring, or additionally seeded f2 phages, as indicator for viruses. Flocculation decreased the number of phages present in secondary effluent by more than two logs. If combined with uv irradiation, the elimination reached five additional logs. Membrane filtration eliminated essentially all naturally occurring phages. Improvement of the quality of surface waters calls for a refinement of detection methods for viruses. We have found that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) might be used for detecting viruses in surface waters.

scholarly journals Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Yakushev ◽  
Anna Gebruk ◽  
Alexander Osadchiev ◽  
Svetlana Pakhomova ◽  
Amy Lusher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Siberian River ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Atlantic Origin ◽  
Type Size

AbstractPlastic pollution is globally recognised as a threat to marine ecosystems, habitats, and wildlife, and it has now reached remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean. Nevertheless, the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic is particularly underreported. Here we present analyses of 60 subsurface pump water samples and 48 surface neuston net samples from the Eurasian Arctic with the goal to quantify and classify microplastics in relation to oceanographic conditions. In our study area, we found on average 0.004 items of microplastics per m3 in the surface samples, and 0.8 items per m3 in the subsurface samples. Microplastic characteristics differ significantly between Atlantic surface water, Polar surface water and discharge plumes of the Great Siberian Rivers, allowing identification of two sources of microplastic pollution (p < 0.05 for surface area, morphology, and polymer types). The highest weight concentration of microplastics was observed within surface waters of Atlantic origin. Siberian river discharge was identified as the second largest source. We conclude that these water masses govern the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic. The microplastics properties (i.e. abundance, polymer type, size, weight concentrations) can be used for identification of the water masses.

Bank filtration: a suitable process for the removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media?

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schittko ◽  
A. Putschew ◽  
M. Jekel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Media Concentration

After bank filtration, effluent influenced surface waters are often used as raw drinking water. It is known that high concentrations of iodinated X-ray contrast media are detectable in such surface waters and thus, more knowledge about the behaviour of the contrast media during bank filtration is necessary and the subject of investigations in this study. The adsorbable organic iodine (AOI), four widely used iodinated X-ray contrast media and four possible transformation products were quantified in an influenced lake, five groundwater wells and a drinking water well. Under anoxic conditions the AOI as well as the concentration of the contrast media are decreased by bank filtration, whereby the AOI is decreased by 64% and the contrast media concentration can be reduced up to 95%, depending on the compound. In the raw drinking water the following average concentrations were determined: Iopromid &lt;20 ng/L, Diatrizote 166 ng/L, Iopamidol 166 ng/L and Iohexol 34 ng/L. Instationary conditions during the sampling period indicate that, at least under anoxic conditions, a large part of the contrast media and transformation products, which are still iodinated, may be associated to colloids and/or humic material.

scholarly journals Practical strategies for identifying groundwater discharges into sediment and surface water with fiber optic temperature measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1772-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Selker ◽  
Frank Selker ◽  
Julie Huff ◽  
Russ Short ◽  
Deborah Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
Fiber Optic Temperature

Identifying or ruling out groundwater discharges into sediment and surface waters is often critical for evaluating impacts and for planning remedial actions.

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