scholarly journals Confirmed detection of Cyclospora cayetanesis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum in water used for drinking

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scot E. Dowd ◽  
David John ◽  
James Eliopolus ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Jaime Naranjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Public Consumption

Human enteropathogenic microsporidia (HEM), Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, and Giardia lamblia are associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans. To date, the mode of transmission and environmental occurrence of HEM (Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) and Cyclospora cayetanesis have not been fully elucidated due to lack of sensitive and specific environmental screening methods. The present study was undertaken with recently developed methods, to screen various water sources used for public consumption in rural areas around the city of Guatemala. Water concentrates collected in these areas were subjected to community DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification, PCR sequencing and computer database homology comparison (CDHC). All water samples screened in this study had been previously confirmed positive for Giardia spp. by immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Of the 12 water concentrates screened, 6 showed amplification of microsporidial SSU-rDNA and were subsequently confirmed to be Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Five of the samples allowed for amplification of Cyclospora 18S-rDNA; three of these were confirmed to be Cyclospora cayetanesis while two could not be identified because of inadequate sequence information. Thus, this study represents the first confirmed identification of Cyclospora cayetanesis and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in source water used for consumption. The fact that the waters tested may be used for human consumption indicates that these emerging protozoa may be transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water.

scholarly journals Confirmation of the Human-Pathogenic Microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Vittaforma corneae in Water

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 3332-3335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scot E. Dowd ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Ian L. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Homology Comparison

ABSTRACT Microsporidia, as a group, cause a wide range of infections, though two species of microsporidia in particular,Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, are associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans. To date, the mode of transmission and environmental occurrence of microsporidia have not been elucidated due to lack of sensitive and specific screening methods. The present study was undertaken with recently developed methods to screen several significant water sources. Water concentrates were subjected to community DNA extraction followed by microsporidium-specific PCR amplification, PCR sequencing, and database homology comparison. A total of 14 water concentrates were screened; 7 of these contained human-pathogenic microsporidia. The presence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis was confirmed in tertiary sewage effluent, surface water, and groundwater; the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi was confirmed in surface water; and the presence ofVittaforma corneae was confirmed in tertiary effluent. Thus, this study represents the first confirmation, to the species level, of human-pathogenic microsporidia in water, indicating that these human-pathogenic microsporidia may be waterborne pathogens.

scholarly journals First Identification and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Prevalence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in the Republic of Korea

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1424
Author(s):  
Ji-Young Kwon ◽  
Ji-Ye Seo ◽  
Tae-Yun Kim ◽  
Hee-Il Lee ◽  
Jung-Won Ju
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Group 1

Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause diarrhea in humans, especially severe diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. However, there have been few studies on Enc. intestinalis and Ent. bieneusi in patients with acute diarrhea in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, fecal samples were collected from 1241 patients with acute diarrhea in 2020. Among these, 24 cases of Enc. intestinalis and one case of Ent. bieneusi were detected via PCR amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA. Genotyping of the internal transcribed spacer region sequence revealed that the detected Ent. bieneusi genotype was in Group 1. This study provides the first evidence that Ent. bieneusi exists in humans in addition to animals in the ROK. To identify the causative agent, continuous monitoring of Enc. intestinalis and Ent. bieneusi is necessary for patients with acute diarrhea in the ROK.

scholarly journals Prevalence of microsporidiosis in human and cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Kadum N. E.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Apparently Healthy

     In order to identify microsporidia and other fungi  in  stool and  urine samples of human, and in fecal and milk samples of cattle, 100 stool samples with or without diarrhea and 50 urine samples, human fecal and urine samples were obtained from certain Baghdad hospitals and certain rural areas surroundings Baghdad city, in addition to 50 fecal and 56  milk samples  of cattle apparently healthy were collected  from Alshula Slaughter House and  directly from  anal of the animal field  of College of Veterinary Medicine/ Baghdad University. All samples were collected during six months from 1/10/2014 to 1/4/2015. Thin films were formed and stained by Webers Modified Trichrom stain and Modified Trichrom-Ryan Blue stain. The results showed that (23%) 23 out of 100 stool samples of human were positive for Microsporidia spp. and (16%) 8 out of 50 urine samples of human were positive for this fungus. While the result revealed (18%) 9 out of 50 fecal samples and (7.14%) 4 out of 56 milk samples of cattle were positive for Microsporidia spp. The result also explained that (25.3%) 19 cases of patients suffering from diarrhea expressed   Microsporidia spp. after the examination of 75 stool samples, while (16%) 4 persons without diarrhea showed positive Microspordia, through the examination of 25 stool samples. The study explains that the  Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common species associated with human infection and  Encephalitozoon intestinalis is  a common Microsporidia associated with  cattle infection  whereas Encephalitozoon cuniculi is rarely identified in human  but recorded in cattle.

scholarly journals Detection by an Immunofluorescence Test of Encephalitozoon intestinalis Spores in Routinely Formalin-Fixed Stool Samples Stored at Room Temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 2317-2322 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Moura ◽  
F. C. Sodre ◽  
F. J. Bornay-Llinares ◽  
G. J. Leitch ◽  
T. Navin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Immunofluorescence Test ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Of the several microsporidia that infect humans,Enterocytozoon bieneusi is known to cause a gastrointestinal disease whereas Encephalitozoon intestinalis causes both a disseminated and an intestinal disease. Although several different staining techniques, including the chromotrope technique and its modifications, Uvitex 2B, and the quick-hot Gram-chromotrope procedure, detect microsporidian spores in fecal smears and other clinical samples, they do not identify the species of microsporidia. A need for an easily performed test therefore exists. We reevaluated 120 stool samples that had been found positive for microsporidia previously, using the quick-hot Gram-chromotrope technique, and segregated them into two groups on the basis of spore size. We also screened the smears by immunofluorescence microscopy, using a polyclonal rabbit anti-E. intestinalis serum at a dilution of 1:400. Spores in 29 (24.1%) of the 120 samples fluoresced brightly, indicating that they were E. intestinalis spores. No intense background or cross-reactivity with bacteria, yeasts, or other structures in the stool samples was seen. Additionally, the numbers of spores that fluoresced in seven of these samples were substantially smaller than the numbers of spores that were present in the stained smears, indicating that these samples were probably derived from patients with mixed infections of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and E. intestinalis. Because a 1:400 dilution of this serum does not react with culture-grown Encephalitozoon hellem,Encephalitozoon cuniculi, or Vittaforma corneaeor with Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores in feces, we concluded that an immunofluorescence test using this serum is a good alternative for the specific identification of E. intestinalis infections.

scholarly journals Mammalian Microsporidiosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wasson ◽  
R. L. Peper
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Polar Filament ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Encephalitozoon Cuniculi ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Potential Pathogen

The phylum Microspora contains a diverse group of single-celled, obligate intracellular protozoa sharing a unique organelle, the polar filament, and parasitizing a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, including insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is the classic microsporidial parasite of mammals, and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and rodents has been and continues to be recognized as a confounding variable in animal-based biomedical research. Although contemporary research colonies are screened for infection with this parasite, E. cuniculi remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in pet and conventionally raised rabbits. In addition, E. cuniculi is a potential pathogen of immature domestic dogs and farm-raised foxes. The recent discovery and identification of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in addition to E. cuniculi, as opportunistic pathogens of humans have renewed interest in the Microspora. Veterinary pathologists, trained in the comparative anatomy of multiple animal species and infectious disease processes, are in a unique position to contribute to the diagnosis and knowledge of the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases. This review article covers the life cycle, ultrastructure, and biology of mammalian microsporaidia and the clinical disease and lesions seen in laboratory and domestic animals, particularly as they relate to Encephalitozoon species. Human microsporidial disease and animal models of human infection are also addressed. Often thought of as rabbit pathogens of historical importance, E. cuniculi and the related mammalian microsporidia are emerging as significant opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.

scholarly journals MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS APPLIED AT THE SCHOOL OF THE UBERLAND-AMERICAN FIELD OF CONSUMER UNDERGROUND WATER QUALITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 833-847
Author(s):  
M. S. MEDEIROS ◽  
A. C. GOULART ◽  
I. S. PACHECO ◽  
F. A. AMARAL ◽  
S. C. CANOBRE
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Artesian Wells

The decrease of the water available for human consumption is directly related to the unregulated and unconscious action from the man himself. In rural areas, this depreciation is related to inappropriate conditions of artesian wells that capture the water (old wells and poorly sealed) and which are usually close to sources of pollution, such as septic tanks and animal grazing. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of underground water samples made available for consumption in three schools in the field next to the municipality of Uberlândia-MG. Methodologically, the data were statistically processed by means of descriptive and multivariate analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient). All schools are supplied by an artesian well, being carried out simplified treatment (chlorination mechanism of chemical treatment). In only one of the schools was identified the presence of a septic tank sewage collection system. Of samples evaluated, all were at odds with the standards laid down in annex XX of the Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 of the Ministry of health (old law 2,914/2011) in at least one of the parameters evaluated. Therefore, the results reflect the possibility of biological contamination of the water by grazing areas located in the region close to the wells, as well as the need for emerging measures, such as regular cleaning and maintenance of storage systems and distribution of the water consumed in the institutions.

scholarly journals Screening of opportunistic Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in immunocompromised patients in Slovakia

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Halánová ◽  
Alexandra Valenčáková ◽  
Pavol Jarčuška ◽  
Miloš Halán ◽  
Oľga Danišová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis

Efficacy of a Sanitizer and Disinfectants To Inactivate Encephalitozoon intestinalis Spores

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
YNES R. ORTEGA ◽  
MARIA P. TORRES ◽  
SIARA VAN EXEL ◽  
LAUREN MOSS ◽  
VITALIANO CAMA
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Gastrointestinal Illness ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
Spore Viability ◽  
Dimethyl Benzyl ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium

The order Microsporidia contains a number of ubiquitous pathogens that can infect various animals, including humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis have been associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans. The effect of four disinfectants—ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and two commercial disinfectants containing peroxyacetic acid (Tsunami) and N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Timsen)—on E. intestinalis spores was examined using exposure times of 1, 5, and 15 min. Spore viability was determined in vitro with RK-13 cells. Hydrogen peroxide was most efficient at inactivating microsporidial spores at all tested concentrations and treatment times, whereas ammonium hydroxide was effective only at the highest concentration at all exposure times. Tsunami (40 μg/ml) and Timsen (200 and 400 ppm) could inactivate spores when incubated for 5 and 15 min.

scholarly journals First Detection and Genotyping of Human-Associated Microsporidia in Pigeons from Urban Parks

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 3153-3157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Haro ◽  
F. Izquierdo ◽  
N. Henriques-Gil ◽  
I. Andrés ◽  
F. Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Internally Transcribed Spacer

ABSTRACT Microsporidia are ubiquitous opportunistic parasites in nature infecting all animal phyla, and the zoonotic potential of this parasitosis is under discussion. Fecal samples from 124 pigeons from seven parks of Murcia (Spain) were analyzed. Thirty-six of them (29.0%) showed structures compatible with microsporidia spores by staining methods. The DNA isolated from 26 fecal samples (20.9%) of microsporidia-positive pigeons was amplified with specific primers for the four most frequent human microsporidia. Twelve pigeons were positive for only Enterocytozoon bieneusi (9.7%), 5 for Encephalitozoon intestinalis (4%), and one for Encephalitozoon hellem (0.8%). Coinfections were detected in eight additional pigeons: E. bieneusi and E. hellem were detected in six animals (4.8%); E. bieneusi was associated with E. intestinalis in one case (0.8%); and E. hellem and E. intestinalis coexisted in one pigeon. No positive samples for Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected. The internally transcribed spacer genotype could be completed for one E. hellem-positive pigeon; the result was identical to the genotype A1 previously characterized in an E. hellem Spanish strain of human origin. To our knowledge, this is the first time that human-related microsporidia have been identified in urban park pigeons. Moreover, we can conclude that there is no barrier to microsporidia transmission between park pigeons and humans for E. intestinalis and E. hellem. This study is of environmental and sanitary interest, because children and elderly people constitute the main visitors of parks and they are populations at risk for microsporidiosis. It should also contribute to the better design of appropriate prophylactic measures for populations at risk for opportunistic infections.

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