scholarly journals Forest riparian buffers reduce timber harvesting effects on stream temperature, but additional climate adaptation strategies are likely needed under future conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary N. Yonce ◽  
Saumya Sarkar ◽  
Jonathan B. Butcher ◽  
Thomas E. Johnson ◽  
Susan H. Julius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Riparian Management

Abstract Stream water temperature imposes metabolic constraints on the health of cold-water fish like salmonids. Timber harvesting can reduce stream shading leading to higher water temperatures, while also altering stream hydrology. In the Pacific Northwest, riparian buffer requirements are designed to mitigate these impacts; however, anticipated future changes in air temperature and precipitation could reduce the efficacy of these practices in protecting aquatic ecosystems. Using a combined modeling approach (Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Shade, and QUAL2K), this study examines the effectiveness of riparian buffers in reducing impacts of timber harvest on stream water temperature in Lookout Creek, Oregon across a range of potential future climates. Simulations assess changes in riparian management alone, climate alone, and combined effects. Results suggest that maximum stream water temperatures during thermal stress events are projected to increase by 3.3–7.4 °C due to hydroclimatic change alone by the end of this century. Riparian management is effective in reducing stream temperature increases from timber harvesting alone but cannot fully counteract the additional effects of a warming climate. Overall, our findings suggest that the protection of sensitive aquatic species will likely require additional adaptation strategies, such as the protection or provisioning of cool water refugia, to enhance survival during maximum thermal stress events.

scholarly journals Assessing the impacts of hydrologic and land use alterations on water temperature in the Farmington River basin in Connecticut

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 4491-4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Yearsley ◽  
Ning Sun ◽  
Marisa Baptiste ◽  
Bart Nijssen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
River System ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Connecticut River

Abstract. Aquatic ecosystems can be significantly altered by the construction of dams and modification of riparian buffers, and the effects are often reflected in spatial and temporal changes to water temperature. To investigate the implications for water temperature of spatially and temporally varying riparian buffers and dam-induced hydrologic alterations, we have implemented a modeling system (DHSVM-RBM) within the framework of the state-space paradigm that couples a spatially distributed land surface hydrologic model, DHSVM, with the distributed stream temperature model, RBM. The basic modeling system has been applied previously to several similar-sized watersheds. However, we have made enhancements to DHSVM-RBM that simulate spatial heterogeneity and temporal variation (i.e., seasonal changes in canopy cover) in riparian vegetation, and we included additional features in DHSVM-RBM that provide the capability for simulating the impacts of reservoirs that may develop thermal stratification. We have tested the modeling system in the Farmington River basin in the Connecticut River system, which includes varying types of watershed development (e.g., deforestation and reservoirs) that can alter the streams' hydrologic regime and thermal energy budget. We evaluated streamflow and stream temperature simulations against all available observations distributed along the Farmington River basin. Results based on metrics recommended for model evaluation compare well to those obtained in similar studies. We demonstrate the way in which the model system can provide decision support for watershed planning by simulating a limited number of scenarios associated with hydrologic and land use alterations.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impacts of Hydrologic and Land Use Alterations on Water Temperature in the Farmington River Basin in Connecticut

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Yearsley ◽  
Ning Sun ◽  
Marisa Baptiste ◽  
Bart Nijssen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
River System ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Connecticut River

Abstract. Aquatic ecosystems can be significantly altered by the construction of dams and modification of riparian buffers and the effects are often reflected in spatial and temporal changes to water temperature. To investigate the implications for water temperature of spatially and temporally varying riparian buffers and dam-induced hydrologic alterations, we have implemented a modeling system (DHSVM-RBM) that couples a spatially distributed land surface hydrologic model, DHSVM, with the distributed stream temperature model, RBM. The basic modeling system has been applied previously to several similar-sized watersheds. However, we have made enhancements to DHSVM-RBM that simulate spatial heterogeneity and temporal variation (i.e. seasonal changes in canopy cover) in riparian vegetation, and we included additional features in DHSVM-RBM that provide the capability for simulating the impacts of reservoirs that may develop thermal stratification. We have tested the modeling system in the Farmington River basin in the Connecticut River system that includes varying types of watershed development (e.g. deforestation and reservoirs) that can alter the streams’ hydrologic regime and thermal energy budget. We evaluated streamflow and stream temperature simulations against all available observations distributed along the Farmington River basin. Results based on metrics recommended for model evaluation compare well to those obtained in similar studies. We demonstrate the way in which the model system can provide decision support for watershed planning by simulating a limited number of scenarios associated with hydrologic and land use alterations.

scholarly journals Climate and basin drivers of seasonal river water temperature dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3231-3247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric L. R. Laizé ◽  
Cristian Bruna Meredith ◽  
Michael J. Dunbar ◽  
David M. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Stream water temperature is a key control of many river processes (e.g. ecology, biogeochemistry, hydraulics) and services (e.g. power plant cooling, recreational use). Consequently, the effect of climate change and variability on stream temperature is a major scientific and practical concern. This paper aims (1) to improve the understanding of large-scale spatial and temporal variability in climate–water temperature associations, and (2) to assess explicitly the influence of basin properties as modifiers of these relationships. A dataset was assembled including six distinct modelled climatic variables (air temperature, downward short-wave and long-wave radiation, wind speed, specific humidity, and precipitation) and observed stream temperatures for the period 1984–2007 at 35 sites located on 21 rivers within 16 basins (Great Britain geographical extent); the study focuses on broad spatio-temporal patterns, and hence was based on 3-month-averaged data (i.e. seasonal). A wide range of basin properties was derived. Five models were fitted (all seasons, winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Both site and national spatial scales were investigated at once by using multi-level modelling with linear multiple regressions. Model selection used multi-model inference, which provides more robust models, based on sets of good models, rather than a single best model. Broad climate–water temperature associations common to all sites were obtained from the analysis of the fixed coefficients, while site-specific responses, i.e. random coefficients, were assessed against basin properties with analysis of variance (ANOVA). All six climate predictors investigated play a role as a control of water temperature. Air temperature and short-wave radiation are important for all models/seasons, while the other predictors are important for some models/seasons only. The form and strength of the climate–stream temperature association vary depending on season and on water temperature. The dominating climate drivers and physical processes may change across seasons and across the stream temperature range. The role of basin permeability, size, and elevation as modifiers of the climate–water temperature associations was confirmed; permeability has the primary influence, followed by size and elevation. Smaller, upland, and/or impermeable basins are the most influenced by atmospheric heat exchanges, while larger, lowland and permeable basins are the least influenced. The study showed the importance of accounting properly for the spatial and temporal variability of climate–stream temperature associations and their modification by basin properties.

scholarly journals Responses of stream benthic macroinvertebrate communities to timber harvesting: Best management practices in a low-gradient watershed in Central Louisiana, USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Klimesh ◽  
Adrienne V. Gossman ◽  
Y. Jun Xu ◽  
Michael D. Kaller
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Headwater Streams ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Benthic Macroinvertebrate ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Best Management

AbstractForests are the most dominant land-use type in Louisiana, and timber harvesting is the most economically important of the state’s agricultural commodities. Louisiana has developed voluntary best management practices (BMPs) to minimize negative effects of forest operations on stream water quality, but little is known about how aquatic communities inhabiting low-gradient, headwater streams respond to timber harvesting, and if the current BMPs are effective in protecting community structure and function. In 2005, we initiated a multidisciplinary study in the Flat Creek watershed in central Louisiana to discern the effects of timber harvesting activities, with and without BMP implementation, on benthic aquatic macroinvertebrates. During fall 2007, trees were removed adjacent to two headwater streams in the watershed, and benthic macroinvertebrate samples were subsequently collected at seven stream locations seven times between 2006 and 2009. Our objectives were to describe the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in low-order, low-gradient streams, how macroinvertebrate communities responded to timber harvest operations, and whether significant changes in community structure were evident under different levels of BMP implementation. The community structure was predominantly generalist taxa including chironomids, sphaeriid bivalves and asellid isopods. Analyses of variance demonstrated significant increases in bivalve abundance and decreases in the abundance of malacostracan and shredding taxa at most of the sampling sites downstream of BMP-implemented harvest locations in the spring. Additionally, significant increases in bivalves were also found at two sites during late summer. Our results suggest that timber harvesting activities, regardless of BMP implementation, had limited shortterm impacts on resident macroinvertebrates in these lowgradient, subtropical streams. Continued monitoring at the study sites will allow us to better understand the longterm effects of timber harvesting in these stream systems, particularly the resilience of stream biota to harvestingrelated stream conditions.

scholarly journals Potential for Managed Aquifer Recharge to Enhance Fish Habitat in a Regulated River

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Van Kirk ◽  
Bryce A. Contor ◽  
Christina N. Morrisett ◽  
Sarah E. Null ◽  
Ashly S. Loibman
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Fisheries Conservation

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is typically used to enhance the agricultural water supply but may also be promising to maintain summer streamflows and temperatures for cold-water fish. An existing aquifer model, water temperature data, and analysis of water administration were used to assess potential benefits of MAR to cold-water fisheries in Idaho’s Snake River. This highly-regulated river supports irrigated agriculture worth US $10 billion and recreational trout fisheries worth $100 million. The assessment focused on the Henry’s Fork Snake River, which receives groundwater from recharge incidental to irrigation and from MAR operations 8 km from the river, addressing (1) the quantity and timing of MAR-produced streamflow response, (2) the mechanism through which MAR increases streamflow, (3) whether groundwater inputs decrease the local stream temperature, and (4) the legal and administrative hurdles to using MAR for cold-water fisheries conservation in Idaho. The model estimated a long-term 4%–7% increase in summertime streamflow from annual MAR similar to that conducted in 2019. Water temperature observations confirmed that recharge increased streamflow via aquifer discharge rather than reduction in river losses to the aquifer. In addition, groundwater seeps created summer thermal refugia. Measured summer stream temperature at seeps was within the optimal temperature range for brown trout, averaging 14.4 °C, whereas ambient stream temperature exceeded 19 °C, the stress threshold for brown trout. Implementing MAR for fisheries conservation is challenged by administrative water rules and regulations. Well-developed and trusted water rights and water-transaction systems in Idaho and other western states enable MAR. However, in Idaho, conservation groups are unable to engage directly in water transactions, hampering MAR for fisheries protection.

scholarly journals What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5361-5376 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Garner ◽  
I. A. Malcolm ◽  
J. P. Sadler ◽  
D. M. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Energy Gains

Abstract. Previous studies have suggested that shading by riparian vegetation may reduce maximum water temperatures and provide refugia for temperature-sensitive aquatic organisms. Longitudinal cooling gradients have been observed during the daytime for stream reaches shaded by coniferous trees downstream of clear cuts or deciduous woodland downstream of open moorland. However, little is known about the energy exchange processes that drive such gradients, especially in semi-natural woodland contexts without confounding cool groundwater inflows. To address this gap, this study quantified and modelled variability in stream temperature and heat fluxes along an upland reach of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) where riparian land use transitions from open moorland to semi-natural, predominantly deciduous woodland. Observations were made along a 1050 m reach using a spatially distributed network of 10 water temperature data loggers, 3 automatic weather stations and 211 hemispherical photographs that were used to estimate incoming solar radiation. These data parameterised a high-resolution energy flux model incorporating flow routing, which predicted spatio-temporal variability in stream temperature. Variability in stream temperature was controlled largely by energy fluxes at the water-column–atmosphere interface. Net energy gains occurred along the reach, predominantly during daylight hours, and heat exchange across the bed–water-column interface accounted for <1% of the net energy budget. For periods when daytime net radiation gains were high (under clear skies), differences between water temperature observations increased in the streamwise direction; a maximum instantaneous difference of 2.5 °C was observed between the upstream reach boundary and 1050 m downstream. Furthermore, daily maximum water temperature at 1050 m downstream was ≤1 °C cooler than at the upstream reach boundary and lagged by >1 h. Temperature gradients were not generated by cooling of stream water but rather by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the woodland reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment. Longitudinal thermal gradients were indistinct at night and on days when net radiation gains were low (under overcast skies), thus when changes in net energy gains or losses did not vary significantly in space and time, and heat advected into the reach was reasonably consistent. The findings of the study and the modelling approach employed are useful tools for assessing optimal planting strategies for mitigating against ecologically damaging stream temperature maxima.

scholarly journals Climate and basin drivers of seasonal river water temperature dynamics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. R. Laizé ◽  
C. Bruna Meredith ◽  
M. Dunbar ◽  
D. M. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Stream water temperature is a key control of many river processes (e.g. ecology, biogeochemistry, hydraulics) and services (e.g. power plant cooling, recreational use). Consequently, the effect of climate change and variability on stream temperature is a major scientific and practical concern. This paper aimed (1) to improve the understanding of large-scale spatial and temporal variability in climate–water temperature associations, and (2) to assess explicitly the influence of basin properties as modifiers of these relationships. A dataset was assembled including six distinct modelled climatic variables (air temperature, downward shortwave and longwave radiation, wind speed, specific humidity, and precipitation) and observed stream temperatures for the period 1984–2007 at 35 sites located on 21 rivers within 16 basins (Great Britain geographical extent); the study focused on broad spatio-temporal patterns hence was based on three-month averaged data (i.e. seasonal). A wide range of basin properties was derived. Five models were fitted (all seasons, winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Both site and national spatial scales were investigated at once by using multi-level modelling with linear multiple regressions. Model selection used Multi-Model Inference, which provides more robust models, based on sets of good models, rather than a single best model. Broad climate-water temperature associations common to all sites were obtained from the analysis of the fixed coefficients, while site-specific responses, i.e. random coefficients, were assessed against basin properties with ANOVA. All six climate predictors investigated play a role as a control of water temperature. Air temperature and shortwave radiation are important for all models/seasons, while the other predictors are important for some models/seasons only. The form and strength of the climate-stream temperature association vary depending on season and on water temperature. The dominating climate drivers and physical processes may change across seasons, and across the stream temperature range. The role of basin permeability, size, and elevation as modifiers of the climate-water temperature associations was confirmed; permeability has the primary influence, followed by size and elevation. Smaller, upland, and/or impermeable basins are the most influenced by atmospheric heat exchanges, while larger, lowland and permeable basins are least influenced. The study showed the importance of accounting properly for the spatial and temporal variability of climate-stream temperature associations and their modification by basin properties.

Vom Forst zum Wald. Entwicklungstendenzen im naturnahen Waldbau | From a Production-Oriented Forest to a Multipurpose Forest. New Trends in Near-Natural Silviculture

1999 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Hockenjos
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Enterprises

Concepts of near-natural forestry are in great demand these days. Most German forest administrations and private forest enterprises attach great importance to being as «near-natural» as possible. This should allow them to make the most of biological rationalisation. The concept of near-natural forestry is widely accepted, especially by conservationists. However, it is much too early to analyse how successful near-natural forestry has been to date, and therefore to decide whether an era of genuine near-natural forest management has really begun. Despite wide-spread recognition, near-natural forestry is jeopardised by mechanised timber harvesting, and particularly by the large-timber harvester. The risk is that machines, which are currently just one element of the timber harvest will gain in importance and gradually become the decisive element. The forest would then be forced to meet the needs of machinery, not the other way round. Forests would consequently become so inhospitable that they would bear no resemblance to the sylvan image conjured up by potential visitors. This could mean taking a huge step backwards: from a near-natural forest to a forest dominated by machinery. The model of multipurpose forest management would become less viable, and the forest would become divided into areas for production, and separate areas for recreation and ecology. The consequences of technical intervention need to be carefully considered, if near-natural forestry is not to become a thing of the past.

scholarly journals Lagged recovery of fish spatial distributions following a cold-water perturbation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Robertson ◽  
J. Gao ◽  
P. M. Regular ◽  
M. J. Morgan ◽  
F. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Spatiotemporal Model ◽  
Yellowtail Flounder

AbstractAnomalous local temperature and extreme events (e.g. heat-waves) can cause rapid change and gradual recovery of local environmental conditions. However, few studies have tested whether species distribution can recover following returning environmental conditions. Here, we tested for change and recovery of the spatial distributions of two flatfish populations, American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), in response to consecutive decreasing and increasing water temperature on the Grand Bank off Newfoundland, Canada from 1985 to 2018. Using a Vector Autoregressive Spatiotemporal model, we found the distributions of both species shifted southwards following a period when anomalous cold water covered the northern sections of the Grand Bank. After accounting for density-dependent effects, we observed that yellowtail flounder re-distributed northwards when water temperature returned and exceeded levels recorded before the cold period, while the spatial distribution of American plaice has not recovered. Our study demonstrates nonlinear effects of an environmental factor on species distribution, implying the possibility of irreversible (or hard-to-reverse) changes of species distribution following a rapid change and gradual recovery of environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of Various Factors on Caffeine Content in Coffee Brews

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
Ewa Olechno ◽  
Anna Puścion-Jakubik ◽  
Małgorzata Elżbieta Zujko ◽  
Katarzyna Socha
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Caffeine Content ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Brewing Time ◽  
Coffee Brews

Coffee brews are one of the most popular drinks. They are consumed for caffeine and its stimulant properties. The study aimed to summarize data on the influence of various factors on caffeine content in brews prepared with different methods. The study was carried out using a literature review from 2010–2020. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. Data on caffeine content was collected by analyzing the following factors: the influence of species, brewing time, water temperature, pressure, degree of roast, grinding degree, water type, water/coffee ratio as well as other factors (such as geographical origin). To sum up, converting caffeine content to 1 L of the brew, the highest content is that of brews prepared in an espresso machine (portafilter), with the amount of 7.5 g of a coffee blend (95% Robusta + 5% Arabica), and water (the volume of coffee brew was 25 mL) at a temperature of 92 °C and a pressure of 7 bar, but the highest content in one portion was detected in a brew of 50 g of Robusta coffee poured with 500 mL of cold water (25 °C) and boiled.

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