Adaptive capacity, drought and the performance of community-based drinking water organizations in Costa Rica

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Róger Madrigal-Ballestero ◽  
María A. Naranjo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Drivers Of Change ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Climatic Drivers ◽  
The Rich

Community-based drinking water organizations (CBDWOs) are the most important providers of water in rural areas of the developing world. They are responsible for coping with future threats due to climate change, besides other non-climatic drivers of change such as demographic growth. The inherent capacities of CBDWOs to adapt to external drivers of change would be greatly conditioned by their capacities to initiate and catalyze collective processes. The rich background of CDBWOs' actual and historical responses to drought phenomena is an essential starting point for understanding both the processes and the limitations of adapting to future adverse climatic events. In this study, we contrast six CBDWOs located in the Costa Rican dry corridor, in order to analyze their ability to self-organize coping with recent annual periodical droughts. We found that CBDWOs implement hard, soft, and ecosystem-based adaptation measures. The decisions in this regard are reactive, tend to follow a sequential order, and are context dependent. One of the main factors that facilitates capital-intensive adaptation measures is the ability of CBDWOs to mobilize internal or external financial resources, which further depends on social capital and the governance structure.

scholarly journals When behavior change fails: evidence for building WASH strategies on existing motivations

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Marshall ◽  
Jessica Kaminsky
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Local Stakeholders

Despite increased efforts, an estimated 30–40% of rural drinking water initiatives in developing countries fail to provide sustainable solutions. The Sustainable Development Goal for water (SDG 6) challenges us to solve this problem to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. In this paper, we explore one possible barrier to success: a potential misalignment between local and outside motivations. We address this problem by analyzing how strategies used to successfully (n = 148) and unsuccessfully (n = 70) deliver drinking water to rural areas align with known motivations of local stakeholders. As one tool and starting point, we use definitions in Maslow's theory of motivation to learn and share how to more consistently and successfully build comprehensive motivations into solutions. The results reveal that successful strategies rarely focus on physiological needs (2/148) and often focus on higher-level needs, including self-esteem (75/148), love and belonging (46/148), and safety (69/148). Successful strategies also typically address multiple needs and are designed to meet the actualization (fulfill potential) of both communities and donors. Unsuccessful strategies focus on needs of outside stakeholders above local stakeholders (46/70), fail to address higher-level or multiple needs, and/or unsuccessfully address existing needs.

scholarly journals Community-based water governance for adaptation to water reduction and scarcity in Badulla district of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. S. Daluwatte ◽  
S. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Water Springs

Abstract Sustainable Development Goal number 6 declares safe drinking water for all as a human right and it can be used as an indicator to measure development. While urban and municipal residents benefit from safe drinking water through centralized water supply systems, water supply for rural areas and estates were decentralized due to large construction costs, according to the demand-driven approach introducing community governance mechanism for water sources and water supply in rural areas. Community-based water societies emerged as a consequence of this situation. In Badulla district of Sri Lanka, 47% of community-based water societies depend upon natural water springs benefitting 46% of households in a particular area. Recently, two natural water springs dried up affecting 191 households and 10 community-based water societies who depend on natural water springs are regulating their water supply hours due to a long and extended drought situation.This affected 1,953 households in Badulla. Further it represents 8.4% of households who depend upon natural water springs. Owing to the present water scarcity, 37 community-based water societies started catchment protection initiatives with the support of government and non-governmental agencies. One community-based water society in this district has collapsed due to lack of water with the drying up of their natural water spring and another is functioning with an alternative water source. Other community-based water societies are functioning to a varying extent because of water level reduction in natural water springs. While the climate is changing, there are development initiatives that, in particular, are affecting natural water springs.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PROGRAM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM DAN SANITASI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (PAMSIMAS) DI KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Chusniati
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Implementation Program

Water is a basic need for mankind, but the fact remains that not everyone has access to clean water and healthy adequately, in accordance with its needs. The issue of water and poor sanitation in Indonesia spawn Program Pamsimas. The goal of the Program is to improve the access of Pamsimas drinking water and sanitation for the poor in rural areas and suburbs, as well as enhancing the values and behaviors of healthy living by building/infrastructure and means of providing drinking water and sanitation sustainable community-based and can be adopted by people to achieve the MDGs targets. Based on the results of the study and discussion of the two issues that the formulation is specified, then the obtained results, among other Policy Implementation Program Pamsimas in Trenggalek already running in accordance with the technical guidelines which in practice already refers to the components of the program i.e., community empowerment, the Ministry of sanitation, drinking water supply, and support the management of the commissioning programme. Factors that support the success of the Program Pamsimas in the presence of, among others, Trenggalek Regency method involving the existence of community empowerment, providing innovation and creativity inspires the citizens through group work, compromise bottom up and top down and commitment at all levels. Factors that impede the success of Trenggalek Regency Pamsimas, among others, lack of cooperation, natural condition, as well as the quality of the water resources untapped. 

scholarly journals WHO Sanitary Inspection based Assessment of Contamination Risk in Drinking Water from Community Tubewells with Handpump in Rural India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5435-5438
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Contamination Risk ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Very High

This paper evaluates contamination risks associated with community based rural tubewells with handpump in rural areas of nine districts of the State of Uttar Pradesh in Northern India. A total of 324 such sources of drinking water were field surveyed to assess the prevalence of contamination risk based on the World Health Organization sanitary inspection guidelines. In the field survey conducted, a total of 37.7% of all community based tubewells with handpump in rural areas were found unsafe. Significantly, the prevalence of medium to very high risk was widespread: as many as 28.7% of all the 324 sampled community tubewells with handpump were found infested with medium, high or very high Risk levels, clearly portraying a rather alarming situation that needs immediate attention of field engineers, planners and policy makers, who need to coordinate work in order to minimize total risk of contamination in drinking water.

scholarly journals The failure of community-based health insurance schemes in Tanzania: opening the black box of the implementation process

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramadhani Kigume ◽  
Stephen Maluka
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Health Insurance ◽  
Urban Districts ◽  
Health Fund ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Globally, there is increased advocacy for community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes. Like other low and middle-income countries (LMICs), Tanzania officially established the Community Health Fund (CHF) in 2001 for rural areas; and Tiba Kwa Kadi (TIKA) for urban population since 2009. This study investigated the implementation of TIKA scheme in urban districts of Tanzania. Methods A descriptive qualitative case study was conducted in four urban districts in Tanzania in 2019. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and review of documents. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Results While TIKA scheme was important in increasing access to health services for the poor and other disadvantaged groups, it faced many challenges which hindered its performance. The challenges included frequent stock-out of drugs and medical supplies, which frustrated TIKA members and hence contributed to non-renewal of membership. In addition, the scheme was affected by poor collections and management of the revenue collected from TIKA members, limited benefit packages and low awareness of the community. Conclusions Similar to rural-based Community Health Fund, the TIKA scheme faced structural and operational challenges which subsequently resulted into low uptake of the schemes. In order to achieve universal health coverage, the government should consider integrating or merging Community-Based Health Insurance schemes into a single national pool with decentralised arms to win national support while also maintaining local accountability.

scholarly journals Advances on the Implementation of Circular Economy Techniques in Rural Areas in Colombia under a Sustainable Development Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3816
Author(s):  
Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri ◽  
Camilo-A. Vargas-Terranova ◽  
María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero ◽  
Paula-A. Bustos-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Depressed Regions ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the scientific literature, this research shows an analysis of the implementation of circular economy techniques under sustainable development framework in six municipalities with a depressed economy in Colombia. The analysis is based on solid waste data production at a local scale, the valuation of the waste for subsequent recycling, and the identification and quantification of the variables associated with the treatment and final disposal of waste, in accordance with the Colombian regulatory framework. Waste generation data are obtained considering three different scenarios, in which a comparison between the simulated values and those established in the management plans are compared. Important differences have been identified between the waste management programs of each municipality, specifically regarding the components of waste collection, transportation and disposal, participation of environmental reclaimers, and potential use of materials. These differences are fundamentally associated with the different administrative processes considered for each individual municipality. This research is a good starting point for the development of waste management models based on circular economy techniques, through the subsequent implementation of an office tool in depressed regions such as those studied.

scholarly journals PhaLP: A Database for the Study of Phage Lytic Proteins and Their Evolution

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Bjorn Criel ◽  
Steff Taelman ◽  
Wim Van Criekinge ◽  
Michiel Stock ◽  
Yves Briers
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Community Of Researchers ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Content ◽  
Broad Community ◽  
High Diversity

Phage lytic proteins are a clinically advanced class of novel enzyme-based antibiotics, so-called enzybiotics. A growing community of researchers develops phage lytic proteins with the perspective of their use as enzybiotics. A successful translation of enzybiotics to the market requires well-considered selections of phage lytic proteins in early research stages. Here, we introduce PhaLP, a database of phage lytic proteins, which serves as an open portal to facilitate the development of phage lytic proteins. PhaLP is a comprehensive, easily accessible and automatically updated database (currently 16,095 entries). Capitalizing on the rich content of PhaLP, we have mapped the high diversity of natural phage lytic proteins and conducted analyses at three levels to gain insight in their host-specific evolution. First, we provide an overview of the modular diversity. Secondly, datamining and interpretable machine learning approaches were adopted to reveal host-specific design rules for domain architectures in endolysins. Lastly, the evolution of phage lytic proteins on the protein sequence level was explored, revealing host-specific clusters. In sum, PhaLP can act as a starting point for the broad community of enzybiotic researchers, while the steadily improving evolutionary insights will serve as a natural inspiration for protein engineers.

Do the Heterogeneous Determinants of Repayment Affect Differently across Borrowers of Diverse Credit Sources in Rural Assam? A Double Hurdle Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 245513332110316
Author(s):  
Tiken Das ◽  
Pradyut Guha ◽  
Diganta Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Double Hurdle ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit Model

This study made an attempt to answer the question: Do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently? The study is based on data collected from 240 households from three districts in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam through a carefully designed primary survey. Besides, the study uses the double hurdle approach and the instrumental variable probit model to reduce possible selection bias. It observes better repayment performance among formal borrowers, followed by semiformal borrowers, while occupation wise it is prominent among organised employees. It has been found that in general, the household characteristics, loan characteristics and location-specific characteristics significantly affect repayment performance of borrowers. However, the nature of impact of the factors influencing repayment performance is remarkably different across credit sources. It ignores the role of traditional community-based organisations in rural Assam while analysing the determinants of repayment performance. The study also recommends for ensuring productive opportunities and efficient market linkages in rural areas of Assam. The study is based on an original data set that has specially been collected to examine question that—do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam—which has not been studied before.

scholarly journals The design of Lil’Flo, a socially assistive robot for upper extremity motor assessment and rehabilitation in the community via telepresence

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205566832110018
Author(s):  
Michael J Sobrepera ◽  
Vera G Lee ◽  
Michelle J Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Motor Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Care ◽  
Rehabilitation Professionals ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Assistive Robot ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Socially Assistive Robot ◽  
Assistive Robotic

Introduction We present Lil’Flo, a socially assistive robotic telerehabilitation system for deployment in the community. As shortages in rehabilitation professionals increase, especially in rural areas, there is a growing need to deliver care in the communities where patients live, work, learn, and play. Traditional telepresence, while useful, fails to deliver the rich interactions and data needed for motor rehabilitation and assessment. Methods We designed Lil’Flo, targeted towards pediatric patients with cerebral palsy and brachial plexus injuries using results from prior usability studies. The system combines traditional telepresence and computer vision with a humanoid, who can play games with patients and guide them in a present and engaging way under the supervision of a remote clinician. We surveyed 13 rehabilitation clinicians in a virtual usability test to evaluate the system. Results The system is more portable, extensible, and cheaper than our prior iteration, with an expressive humanoid. The virtual usability testing shows that clinicians believe Lil’Flo could be deployed in rural and elder care facilities and is more capable of remote stretching, strength building, and motor assessments than traditional video only telepresence. Conclusions Lil’Flo represents a novel approach to delivering rehabilitation care in the community while maintaining the clinician-patient connection.

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