scholarly journals Secular variation in rainfall and intensity–frequency–duration curves in Eastern Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ru Chen ◽  
Bofu Yu ◽  
Graham Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Storm Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Mean

Rainfall intensity–frequency–duration curves are used extensively for storm runoff estimation. It is generally assumed that rainfall intensity would increase with global warming irrespective of the underlying changes to rainfall. This study analyzed rainfall and temperature from six sites in Eastern Australia. Two non-overlapping 30-year periods with the greatest difference in the mean annual rainfall were selected at each of the six sites to test for significant changes in the mean annual temperature and rainfall. Changes in the mean rainfall intensity for different frequencies of occurrence and storm durations for each site were also analyzed. Temperature has increased at all sites, and significantly at five out of the six sites. The mean annual rainfall has significantly changed between the two non-overlapping periods at the sites with the exception of Cairns (latitude – 16.87° south). The changes in rainfall intensity for longer durations (≥1 h) positively correlate with changes in the mean annual rainfall. There is evidence to suggest that the 6 min rainfall intensity would increase irrespective of the changes in the mean annual rainfall.

scholarly journals Relationships between the distribution of Galba truncatula (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) climatic conditions and the altitude of municipalities in Haute Vienne (France)

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gilles Dreyfuss ◽  
Philippe Vignoles ◽  
Daniel Rondelaud
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Galba Truncatula ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Mean

A retrospective study on 7407 populations of Galba truncatula found in the department of Haute Vienne for 37 years (1970–2006) was carried out to determine if altitude and climate on acid soils had an effect on the distribution of populations and the characteristics of their habitats. Out of a total of 13 478 water points surveyed in 179 municipalities, the overall frequency of snail populations was 54.9% but varied with the habitat type and the municipality on which these water points are located. The frequency of snail populations significantly decreased when the mean altitude of municipalities or their mean annual rainfall increased. Conversely, this frequency significantly increased with increasing mean annual temperature. The characteristics of habitats were analysed for 6281 populations in relation to the mean altitude of municipalities. The area of G. truncatula habitats and the density of overwintering snails per m2 of habitat significantly decreased with increasing altitude. On the acid soils of Haute Vienne, the distribution of G. truncatula populations is closely related to the altitude and climatic conditions of municipalities.

scholarly journals Secular Variation in Rainfall Intensity and Temperature in Eastern Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1356-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ru Chen ◽  
Bofu Yu ◽  
Graham Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Mean

Abstract It is generally assumed that rainfall intensity will increase with temperature increase, irrespective of the underlying changes to the average rainfall. This study documents and investigates long-term trends in rainfall intensities, annual rainfall, and mean maximum and minimum temperatures using the Mann–Kendall trend test for nine sites in eastern Australia. Relationships between rainfall intensities at various durations and 1) annual rainfall and 2) the mean maximum and minimum temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the mean minimum temperature has increased significantly at eight out of the nine sites in eastern Australia. Changes in annual rainfall are likely to be associated with changes in rainfall intensity at the long duration of 48 h. Overall, changes in rainfall intensity at short durations (<1 h) positively correlate with changes in the mean maximum temperature, but there is no significant correlation with the mean minimum temperature and annual rainfall. Additionally, changes in rainfall intensity at longer durations (≥1 h) positively correlate with changes in the mean annual rainfall, but not with either mean maximum or minimum temperatures for the nine sites investigated.

A Practical Method for Estimating Rainfall Rate Frequencies Directly from Climatic Data

1958 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Russak ◽  
J. W. Easley
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transmission ◽  
General Relation ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Rainfall Rate ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Hourly Rainfall ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Complete Frequency

In evaluating the environmental limitations on microwave signal transmission, it was necessary to determine the occurrence of rainfall rates for a number of regions in different parts of the world. Clock-hourly precipitation data were used where available. Where these data were not available, a known empirical technique was employed which correlates clock-hourly rainfall at individual rates to a climatological index. This index uses parameters which are almost universally obtainable—namely, mean annual rainfall and number of days with measurable rain. In the course of this work, the authors found a more general relation between clock-hourly rainfall rate frequencies and the climatological index. Using this relation, rainfall frequencies at any rate are obtained directly from a linear equation and two nomograms. It is also possible to synthesize the complete frequency distribution of rainfall rates and obtain, as a check, the mean annual rainfall. Examples, supplemented by illustrations, are given in the development of this technique and its utilization.

Parent material and climate affect soil organic carbon fractions under pastures in south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Orgill ◽  
Jason R. Condon ◽  
Mark K. Conyers ◽  
Stephen G. Morris ◽  
Brian W. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Climatic Zone ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

In the present field survey, 72 sites were sampled to assess the effect of climate (Monaro, Boorowa and Coleambally regions) and parent material (Monaro region only; basalt and granite) on soil organic carbon (OC) under perennial pastures. In the higher-rainfall zone (Monaro and Boorowa; >500mm mean annual rainfall), OC stocks under introduced and native perennial pastures were compared, whereas in the lower-rainfall zone (Coleambally; <500mm mean annual rainfall) OC stocks under crops and pastures were compared. Carbon fractions included total OC (TOC), particulate OC (POC), resistant OC (ROC) and humic OC (HUM). Higher OC stocks were associated with higher spring and summer rainfall and lower annual temperatures. Within a climatic zone, parent material affected the stock of OC fractions in the 0–30cm soil layer. Within a climatic zone, when grouped by parent material, there was no difference in OC stock with vegetation type. There were significant correlations between soil factors associated with parent material and OC concentration, including negative correlations between SiO2 and HUM (P<0.05) and positive correlations between cation exchange capacity and TOC, POC and ROC (P<0.01). TOC was also positively correlated with total nitrogen (N) and available sulfur (S; P<0.05), indicating organic matter in soil is important for N and S supply for plant production in the studied regions, and vice versa. Although ensuring adequate available S may increase OC stocks in south-eastern Australia, the large stock of OC in the soil under perennial pastures, and the dominating effect of climate and parent material on this stock, may mean that modest increases in soil OC due to management factors go undetected.

THE MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL OF MOUNT KENYA

Weather ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Mean

scholarly journals Recent Trends in the Daily Rainfall Regime in Southern West Africa

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Nkrumah ◽  
Théo Vischel ◽  
Geremy Panthou ◽  
Nana Ama Browne Klutse ◽  
David C. Adukpo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Climate Events

Extreme climate events, either being linked to dry spells or extreme precipitation, are of major concern in Africa, a region in which the economy and population are highly vulnerable to climate hazards. However, recent trends in climate events are not often documented in this poorly surveyed continent. This study makes use of a large set of daily rain gauge data covering Southern West Africa (extending from 10° W to 10° E and from 4° N to 12° N) from 1950 to 2014. The evolution of the number and the intensity of daily rainfall events, especially the most extremes, were analyzed at the annual and seasonal scales. During the first rainy season (April–July), mean annual rainfall is observed to have a minor trend due to less frequent but more intense rainfall mainly along the coast of Southern West Africa (SWA) over the last two decades. The north–south seasonal changes exhibit an increase in mean annual rainfall over the last decade during the second rainy season (September–November) linked by both an increase in the frequency of occurrence of rainy days as well as an increase in the mean intensity and extreme events over the last decade. The study also provides evidence of a disparity that exists between the west and east of SWA, with the east recording a stronger increase in the mean intensity of wet days and extreme rainfall during the second rainy season (September–November).

PHYSICAL AND BIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING EUXOA SPECIES ABUNDANCE IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA: A REGRESSION ANALYSIS

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 1217-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Hardwick ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall

AbstractIn an attempt to evaluate the importance of physical and biotic factors affecting the distribution of species of the cutworm genus Euxoa, a multivariate regression analysis, as based on a light-trapping survey in western North America, has been conducted. The possible contributory factors have been grouped into four major categories relating to geography, habitat, period of flight, and sample size. Sample size is a composite value reflecting both suitability of habitat and suitability of weather conditions at the time the sample was taken. Geographic factors considered were latitude, altitude, and longitude; habitat factors were mean annual temperature, mean July temperature, mean January temperature, mean annual rainfall and plantform; factors relating to period of flight were calendar date, mean temperature on date of sample, photoperiod, and the phenological date. Except for photoperiod, the variables listed were considered in a quadratic as well as a natural function in the regression analysis. With the number of species of Euxoa as the dependent variable and the factors listed above as the independent variables a total reduction of 76.0% in the residual variance was obtained. When only four variables, sample size, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, and phenological date were employed in a similar regression analysis, however, a reduction of 68.7% in the residual variance was obtained. On the basis of present evidence, it appears that temperature and rainfall are primary factors governing the abundance of species of Euxoa in a given habitat.

scholarly journals The Geographical Distribution of the Mean Annual Rainfall of Wales and Monmouthshire: Discussion

1909 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Dr. Strahan ◽  
Dr. Mill ◽  
Baldwin Latham ◽  
George Bransby Williams
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Mean

Systematic Mn fluctuations in laminated rock varnish developed on coeval early Holocene flint artifacts along a climatic transect, Negev desert, Israel

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonaton Goldsmith ◽  
Yehouda Enzel ◽  
Mordechai Stein
Keyword(s):  
Negev Desert ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Light Rain ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rock Varnish ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis study presents an assessment of the potential application of Mn content in rock varnish laminae as a paleoclimate indicator. To investigate the environmental controls on varnish formation, we determined Mn composition in rock varnish formed on flint artifacts produced during the earliest Holocene from eight coeval prehistoric sites in the Negev desert, Israel. These sites lie along a north–south annual rainfall transect ranging between 120 and 30 mm yr− 1. The varnish is ~ 100 times enriched in Mn relative to the content in the desert dust source material. Chemical profiles across the varnish display 4–6 distinct Mn peaks in all sampled sites, pointing to systematic fluctuations within the varnish along a wide range of environmental settings. The mean Mn contents in the various sites range between 10.7 and 15.6 at.%, yet within this range, the Mn content in the Negev varnish does not show a correlation with mean annual rainfall. As moisture is needed for Mn mobility, wetting cycles by dew or light rain, which are not adequately represented by the mean annual rainfall amounts but control the number of wetting–drying cycles may explain the variance within the results from the arid and hyperarid Negev varnish.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document