scholarly journals Prevalence of water-borne diseases in western India: dependency on the quality of potable water and personal hygiene practices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koustubh Karande ◽  
Shalini Tandon ◽  
Ritesh Vijay ◽  
Sunali Khanna ◽  
Tuhin Banerji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Borne

Abstract Unlike urban and semi-urban settlements where the potable water is supplied through a water treatment plant and a distribution network, in rural low-income settings, the provision of the water treatment plant for all villages is not feasible for a developing country like India. The most affordable and reliable way to provide clean drinking water is treatment at the consumer end. This research is aimed to assess occurrence of water-borne diseases based on personal hygiene and quality of drinking water source. Of the households, 4,237 in 15 selected villages were surveyed for personal hygiene using a questionnaire. Water samples were collected from all major water sources in the villages and analyzed for chemical and bacteriological properties. For water and personal hygiene, quality indices were calculated, and a mathematical model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The regression concluded that personal hygiene has a more significant effect on the occurrence of water-borne diseases than the quality of water source in the study area. Personal hygiene is one of the health factors neglected by the people specifically in rural India. Therefore, India needs to run campaigns like Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (Clean India Mission), which was mainly aimed to reduce open defecation, to promote personal hygiene and to reduce the prevalence of water-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Microcystins and Taste-and-Odor Compounds in Drinking Water Source and Their Removal in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Shang ◽  
Muhua Feng ◽  
Xiangen Xu ◽  
Feifei Liu ◽  
Fan Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Odor Compounds

The co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds are a growing concern for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suffering cyanobacteria in water resources. The dissolved and cell-bound forms of three microcystin (MC) congeners (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) and four taste-and-odor compounds (geosmin, 2-methyl isoborneol, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone) were investigated monthly from August 2011 to July 2012 in the eastern drinking water source of Lake Chaohu. The total concentrations of microcystins and taste-and-odor compounds reached 8.86 μg/L and 250.7 ng/L, respectively. The seasonal trends of microcystins were not consistent with those of the taste-and-odor compounds, which were accompanied by dominant species Microcystis and Dolichospermum. The fate of the cyanobacteria and metabolites were determined simultaneously after the processes of coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination in the associated full-scale DWTP. The dissolved fractions with elevated concentrations were detected after some steps and the breakthrough of cyanobacteria and metabolites were even observed in finished water. Chlorophyll-a limits at intake were established for the drinking water source based on our investigation of multiple metabolites, seasonal variations and their elimination rates in the DWTP. Not only microcystins but also taste-and-odor compounds should be taken into account to guide the management in source water and in DWTPs.

scholarly journals Enteric illness risks before and after water treatment improvements

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd J. Frost ◽  
Kristine Tollestrup ◽  
Melissa Roberts ◽  
Twila R. Kunde ◽  
Gunther F. Craun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quality Surface

This study evaluated whether occurrence of acute gastrointestinal illnesses declined after filtration and ozonation were added to a previously unfiltered, chlorinated high-quality surface water source in a northwest United States city. Enteric and other illnesses were recorded for two 6-month periods for control and intervention sites in the same city. During phase 1, chlorinated, unfiltered drinking water for both sites was obtained from protected watersheds. During phase 2, the intervention site received chlorinated, filtered and ozonated drinking water. The water was not altered in the control site. No overall differences were found in the risk of any of the illnesses after the new water treatment plant was completed. There was a significantly increased risk of diarrhoea and highly credible gastrointestinal illness in participants with three or more episodes of the same type of illness during phase 1.

scholarly journals Conventional Water Treatment of Domestic Groundwater Supplies

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 354-365
Author(s):  
Hussein Hamid Emran Al-Husseini
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Sulfate Removal

The important of ground water is increasing in the future as a source of fresh waters; in addition, many countries contain a number of water treatment plants to treat surface water. Using conventional treatment plant in the cities to treat ground water will decrease the cost of ground water treatment and may be help to depend on both surface and ground water supplies. This paper studied the ability of treating ground water by conventional water treatment. The quality of the ground water source is studied in the mention area during study period. The chemical quality of ground water is tested and there is within the standards of drinking water except iron.  The conventional treatment was enhancing quality of treated water by increment of dissolved oxygen concentrations toward optimum value. Water treatment plant was effective for removal of iron from ground water of about 50%, in addition there is an effect of conventional treatment on sulfate removal (sulfate may be increase above standards in some ground water sources). The statistical analysis of data shows there is a correlation between quality parameters of raw and treated water and between iron and sulfate of treated water in the correlation matrix. In addition, confidence test was applied on the correlation coefficients using fisher's transformation .The analysis shows, that there is a positive period (0.244, 0.941) of confidence of 95% of correlation factors of iron and sulfate.

scholarly journals Occurrence of titanium dioxide nanoparticle in Taihu Lake (China) and its removal at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Min Rui ◽  
Shuili Yu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle

Abstract The occurrence of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TNP), an emerging contaminant, in Taihu Lake of China was investigated. Ti was present at a concentration of 224 ± 59 µg/L in the water source of east Taihu Lake. Approximately 0.19% of the Ti-containing matter was at the nano-scale. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis verified the existence of Ti-containing components, such as TiOX and FeTiOX. Furthermore, Ti K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy was used to detect the phase composition of nano-scaled Ti-containing matter. The spectra showed the three characteristic peaks of TiO2 in the samples, suggesting the occurrence of TNP in Taihu Lake. A least-squares linear combination fitting analysis indicated that the TNP concentration in the water source was 0.86 µg/L, with a crystal composition of 0.44 ± 0.1 µg/L amorphous, 0.14 ± 0.03 µg/L anatase and 0.28 ± 0.06 µg/L rutile. The removal performance of the TNP at a full-scale conventional drinking water treatment plant indicated that 58.8% of TNP was removed via coagulation/sediment, sand filtration and disinfection/clear water reservoir. The coagulation/sediment process accounted for approximately 76.6% of the total removed TNP. The finished water contained 0.33 µg/L TNP with a crystal composition of 0.24 ± 0.13 µg/L anatase and 0.09 ± 0.05 µg/L rutile. This study is the first that reported the presence and transport of TNP in a drinking water treatment system.

Реконструкция станции очистки подземных вод г. Ноябрьска (ЯНАО)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Seliukov ◽  
V. Rakhimov
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Standard Quality

Приводятся основные результаты технологических изысканий, положенных в основу проекта реконструкции станции очистки подземных вод г. Ноябрьска (Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ). Станция построена по проекту ЗАО ДАР/ВОДГЕО (Москва) и принята в постоянную эксплуатацию в сентябре 2006 г. На станции используется новая технология, предусматривающая последовательную обработку воды двумя окислителями пероксидом водорода и перманганатом калия с целью очистки от соединений железа и марганца. Недостатки проекта и неполная реализация проектных решений усложняют штатную эксплуатацию станции и затрудняют получение питьевой воды нормативного качества. Установлено, что в подземной воде присутствует сероводород в концентрациях до 0,1 мг/дм3, что требует дополнительного расхода реагентов. Ручное дозирование реагентов приводит к значительным отклонениям от необходимых доз: от 14,5 до 19,1 для пероксида водорода и от 8,5 до 9,1 для перманганата калия. Указано, что применяемые в качестве реагента технические продукты перманганата калия производства КНР создают угрозу увеличения токсичности питьевой воды. Найденное значение величины индекса Ланжелье (индекса насыщения карбонатом кальция) подземной воды (2,35 ед.) позволило сделать вывод о необходимости стабилизационной обработки путем подщелачивания. Выполненные пробные обработки воды пероксидом водорода и перманганатом калия в сочетании с подщелачиванием показали, что такой процесс обеспечивает достижение остаточных концентраций марганца 0,1 мг/дм3 и железа общего 0,10,15 мг/дм3 при отсутствии остаточного сероводорода. Однако для получения воды постоянного нормативного качества необходима высокая точность дозирования реагентов, что может быть достигнуто только путем полной автоматизации процесса. Выполненный на основе технологических изысканий проект реконструкции станции очистки подземных вод г. Ноябрьска позволяет решить существующие проблемы и обеспечить нормативное качество очищенной воды.The main results of technological surveys that form the basis for the project of reconstruction of the ground water treatment plant in Noyabrsk (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) are presented. The plant was built according to the project of DAR/VODGEO CJSC (Moscow) and commissioned in September 2006. The plant uses a new technology that provides for the sequential treatment of water with two oxidizing agents hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate to remove iron and manganese compounds. The project shortcomings and incomplete implementation of design solutions complicate the regular operation of the plant and make it difficult to ensure the standard quality of drinking water. It was stated that ground water contained hydrogen sulfide in concentrations up to 0.1 mg/dm3, which required extra consumption of chemicals. Manual dosing of chemicals causes significant deviations from the required doses: from 14.5 to 19.1 for hydrogen peroxide and from 8.5 to 9.1 for potassium permanganate. It is pointed out that crude products of potassium permanganate produced by the P. R. China used as a chemical agent in drinking water supply, pose a threat of increased toxicity of drinking water. The determined value of the Langelier index (index of saturation with calcium carbonate) of ground water (2.35 units) allowed to conclude that stabilization treatment by alkalization is required. The performed test water treatment with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate in combination with alkalization showed that this process provided for achieving the residual concentrations of manganese 0.1 mg/dm3 and total iron 0.10.15 mg/dm3 in the absence of residual hydrogen sulfide. However, to produce water of constant standard quality, high accuracy of chemical dosing is required that can only be provided by completely automated dosing. The project of upgrading the ground water treatment plant in Noyabrsk designed on the basis of technological research, allows to resolve the existing problems and ensure the standard quality of drinking water.

scholarly journals Spatial Assessment of Selangor, Malaysia Water Treatment Plant Performance Using Chemometric Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.14) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
H M. Zolkipli ◽  
H Juahir ◽  
G Adiana ◽  
N Zainuddin ◽  
A B. H. M. Maliki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemometric Technique ◽  
And Performance

This study aims to identify the most significant parameters in drinking water quality, spatial disparities of treated water (TW) and performance of water treatment plant (WTP) in Selangor. Physico- chemical (PCPs), Inorganic (IPs), Heavy metal and organic (HMOPs) and pesticide (PPs) were selected as parameters to discriminate the source of WTP pollutant. Chemometric technique such as principle component analysis (PCA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and discriminant analysis (DA) was applied to validate the performance of water treatment plant. PCA identified the most significant parameters which are highlighted six out of eight parameters for PCPs, six out of twelve parameters for IPs, nine out of sixteen parameters for HMOPs and all seventh parameters for PP. ANOVA for distinguish two categories region in WTP and showed both of PCPs and IPs had significant differences due to their concentration (p < 0.5) and HMOPs suggested fifth of significant differences within regions (p < 0.05). PP doesn’t give any significant differences (p > 0.05). DA was suggested PCPs, IPs and HMOPs in good performance (76.96%, 91.90% and 93.27%) except PP (50.43%). We can conclude that this chemometric technique can expose which area of WTP need to be properly maintains their performance to produce high quality of drinking water.  

scholarly journals Diagnosis, recommendations and optimization for potable water treatment plant in Cauca (Colombia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-307
Author(s):  
Dustin Stephan Melendez Giraldo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Technical And Economic Analysis ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Treatment Facilities

Currently the water supply system in the municipality of Corinto (Cauca) in Colombia provides drinking water to the entire urban and rural population of the municipality. In order to provide drinking water to the entire population, it became necessary to optimize and/or expand the existing water treatment plant. The article presents an assessment of the consideration of two optimization options: the need for reconstruction of existing water treatment facilities or the construction of additional water treatment units. A reasonable proposal was made to expand the station by building additional water treatment units, including advanced modern water treatment technologies, such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, sorption, settling using thin-layer modules and disinfection, based on the survey (diagnostics), technical and economic analysis, analysis of the efficiency of the existing water treatment plant, taking into account the quality of drinking water preparation, confirmed by the analysis of samples, the results of physical, chemical and microbiological tests, indicating the optimal quality of drinking water for human consumption. The use of modern water treatment technologies will allow to achieve the required quality of purified sufficient water for drinking purpose.

Preozonation coupled with flotation filtration: successful removal of algae

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Montiel ◽  
Bénédicte Welté
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Successful Removal ◽  
Original Treatment

The renovating of a new water treatment plant in Paris which produces 15% of the capital's drinking water supply is described: an original treatment plant consisting of a preozonation, a flotation with a low level of coagulant coupled with contact coagulation. Coagulation on filter has been tested on a pilot plant. The results are excellent (95 to 99%) and have led to the building of a new water treatment plant with very flexible operating conditions depending on the quality of the water.

scholarly journals Implications for Emergency Response to the Severe Odor Incident Occurred in Source Water: Potential Odorants and Control Strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyuan Guo ◽  
Zhaoxia Li ◽  
Tianming Chen ◽  
Bairen Yang ◽  
Cheng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
And Control

Abstract Sudden odor incidents occurring in the source water have been a severe problem for water suppliers. In order to apply emergency control measures effectively, it is necessary to identify the target compounds responsible for odor incidents rapidly. The present work identified the odorants and explored emergency disposal mechanisms for sudden and severe odors in the QT River's drinking water source (HZ city, China). Medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors with strong intensities were detected in the source water. The effect of conventional treatments of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) on odors' removal was limited, which was evident by the presence of medicinal, chemical, and musty odors with moderate intensities in the effluent of DWTP. Total seventeen odorants were identified successfully in the source water of QT River and the effluent of DWTP. The measured OAVs and reconstituting the identified odorants explained 87%, 87%, 89%, and 94% of medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors, respectively, in the source water of the QT River and 90%, 87%, and 88% of medicinal, chemical, and musty odors in the effluent. Styrene, phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, and 2-methylphenol were associated with the medicinal odor, while propyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, propyl disulfide, and indole were related to the septic odor. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) were responsible for the musty odor, and cyclohexanone, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and nitrobenzene were involved with the chemical odor. Based on the characteristics of identified odorants, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was applied to control the odors in the QT River. The results indicated that the medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors could be removed entirely after adding 15 mg/L PAC, which effectively controlled emergency odor problems. Overall, the study would offer a scientific basis and operational reference for emergency odor management and control in DWTP with similar complicated odor incidents.

scholarly journals Microbiological Assessment of the Quality of Drinking Water in Households of Abonnema Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
George Boma Orlando ◽  
Lawson Stephenson Danagogo ◽  
Abiye Tamuno Opubo ◽  
Alabere Ibidabo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Round Trip ◽  
Cross Sectional

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the sources and assess the quality of drinking water in Abonnema Town of Rivers State, Nigeria. A semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and field observation were used to obtain information from 374 respondents on main sources of drinking water, time is taken to collect water from these sources per round trip, availability of main water source, water treatment methods and the sanitary conditions around water sources.  A sample of water was collected from each of the six main water sources and analysed for bacteriological parameters. The most common source of drinking water was well water (42.8%), followed by a borehole (33.7%). Packaged water (bottled and sachet) were the least utilized (8.6%). The majority (87.7%) of the respondents affirmed the constant availability of their main drinking water source and only a small proportion (8.6%) of the respondents spent more than 30 minutes in getting water per round trip. Only a small proportion (12.3%) of respondents practised water treatment. All the wells were in a poor sanitary state. All the samples had total coliform counts above the WHO standard of 0 MPN/100 ml, while 93% of the samples had E. coli counts above the WHO standard of 0 MPN/100 ml. The community had no problems with accessibility and availability of drinking water, but water quality was poor thereby considered unsafe for drinking. The community should be educated on cheap water purification methods.

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