scholarly journals What factors determine the technical performance of community-managed rural water systems in the middle hills of Nepal?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj K. GC ◽  
Shyam Ranganathan ◽  
A. L. (Tom) Hammett ◽  
Ralph P. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Water System ◽  
User Involvement ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Rural Water Systems

Abstract Gravity-fed water systems are widely used in the rural hills of Nepal. This study identifies the systematic factors that contribute to rural households not obtaining water due to system breakdowns. The study makes use of data from a 2017 to 2018 study of 202 households served by 10 community-based water systems from three localities within the western middle hills of Nepal. A hierarchical regression model is used to capture both household- and system-level variables. The analysis identifies three household-level and three system-level predictors of the duration of water system breakdowns. The significant household-level predictors include (1) a sense of ownership toward the water system, (2) user involvement in decision making during the planning and implementation of the water system, and (3) income earned from water-based productive activities. The significant system-level predictors include (1) distance from the village to the water source, (2) the performance of the water user committee, and (3) the water system operator's level of activity. In addition, the interactions between household- and system-level variables are captured. The empirical relationship between household productive income and the duration of breakdowns is a novel finding. These findings will be valuable to the Nepalese government and other actors working to implement sustainable water systems.

Design of rural water systems using dynamic models

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
A. H. Lobbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Water System ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Rural Water Systems ◽  
The Way

The properties of main water ways and infrastructure of rural water systems are often determined by very general design methods. These methods are based on standards that use only little information of the actual water system. Most design methods applied in the Netherlands are based on land use and soil texture. Standards have been developed on the basis of generalized properties of water systems. Details of the actual layout of the water system and the way in which that system is controlled, are usually not incorporated. Present-day dynamic simulation programs and the computer power currently available enable more detailed modeling and incorporation of location-specific data into models. Such models can be used to design the water system and can include real data. A model-based design method is introduced, in which the actual situation of the water system is taken into consideration as well as the way in which the water system is controlled. Stochastics concerning the operation and availability of controlling infrastructure are included in the method. Models can be evaluated by including real data. In this way the actual safety of the water system, for example during floods, can be determined. Water-quantity design criteria can be incorporated as well as water-quality criteria. Application of the method makes it possible to design safe water systems in which excess capacities are avoided and in which all requirements of interest are met. The method, called the ‘dynamic design procedure’, can result in considerable savings for water authorities when new systems have to be designed or existing designs have to be reconsidered.

scholarly journals Introduction of Monochloramine into a Municipal Water System: Impact on Colonization of Buildings by Legionella spp

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 378-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Moore ◽  
Marsha Pryor ◽  
Barry Fields ◽  
Claressa Lucas ◽  
Maureen Phelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
County Government ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Pinellas County ◽  
Municipal Water

ABSTRACT Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreaks are often traced to colonized potable water systems. We collected water samples from potable water systems of 96 buildings in Pinellas County, Florida, between January and April 2002, during a time when chlorine was the primary residual disinfectant, and from the same buildings between June and September 2002, immediately after monochloramine was introduced into the municipal water system. Samples were cultured for legionellae and amoebae using standard methods. We determined predictors of Legionella colonization of individual buildings and of individual sampling sites. During the chlorine phase, 19 (19.8%) buildings were colonized with legionellae in at least one sampling site. During the monochloramine phase, six (6.2%) buildings were colonized. In the chlorine phase, predictors of Legionella colonization included water source (source B compared to all others, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 23) and the presence of a system with continuously circulating hot water (aOR, 9.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 51). In the monochloramine phase, there were no predictors of individual building colonization, although we observed a trend toward greater effectiveness of monochloramine in hotels and single-family homes than in county government buildings. The presence of amoebae predicted Legionella colonization at individual sampling sites in both phases (OR ranged from 15 to 46, depending on the phase and sampling site). The routine introduction of monochloramine into a municipal drinking water system appears to have reduced colonization by Legionella spp. in buildings served by the system. Monochloramine may hold promise as community-wide intervention for the prevention of LD.

scholarly journals Developing Rural Water Systems: An Evaluation of Haiti’s First Chlorinated Municipal Water System in the Central Plateau

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron S. Gordon ◽  
Jeff Plumblee ◽  
David Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Rural Water Systems

Haiti has the worst drinking-water indicators in the Western Hemisphere and access to improved water sources has not dramatically improved for over two decades. This limited success despite hefty investments can be attributed to a variety of reasons including lack of community involvement and lack of long-term support of operation and maintenance for rural water systems. This paper presents a case study of Haiti’s first municipal chlorinated water system in the rural Central Plateau and critically examines its effectiveness. While the technology behind the Cange water system is highly innovative and effective, its lack of community involvement and feasible operation/maintenance jeopardizes its long-term viability. Methods to sustain the system without major external intervention are currently being developed and attempted through a partnership with Haiti’s public water sector. NGOs and organizations should ensure that an appropriate community development framework is established prior to system installation so that these problems can be avoided.

scholarly journals Effects of Iodine in Microbial Control of Dental Treatment Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghunath Puttaiah ◽  
Jeff Seibert ◽  
Robert Spears
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Treatment Water

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effects of low levels of iodine constantly present in the dental unit water system on microbial control of dental treatment water and biofilm control. Materials and methods This study used a dental unit water system simulator with eight dental unit waterline systems built to scale and function, each controlled via computer. Each of the eight units was operated independently, four units supplied with self-contained water reservoirs and four units supplied with municipal water. Four units were precleaned to remove biofilm buildup. The study had a well-balanced design with equal representation (variables) of presence/absence of biofilms, selfcontained reservoirs for introduction of treatment water, source water directly connected to municipal water source and iodinated cartridges within the self-contained reservoirs and between municipal water and dental unit. Point-of-use iodinated resin cartridges (IRC) were retrofitted proximal to handpiece and air/ water syringe tip lines in four units, and iodinated resin water cartridges (IRSWC) were fitted to the other four units at the source water output. Heterotrophic plate counts were performed at baseline and twice weekly for a period of 6 weeks. One representative waterline sample was taken from each group at baseline and end-of-study to analyze changes in biofilm status using scanning electron microscopy. Results Waterlines not previously contaminated with biofilms did not show organization of biofilm matrix in units equipped with IRSWC. Constantly present low levels of iodine, demonstrated some disruption of biofilms in waterlines already contaminated with mature biofilms. All groups showed contamination levels < 500 cfu/ml (colony forming units per milliliter) consistent with the CDC and ADA guidelines. Conclusion In this 6 weeks study, IRSWC equipped waterlines showed disruption of established biofilms, controlled formation of new biofilms in clean lines and rendered the dental treatment water < 500 cfu/ml. Point-of-use iodinated resin cartridges were also effective in controlling contamination in the dental treatment water. Clinical significance Dental unit water systems that are in use get contaminated with microbes and biofilms in weeks of being put into use. These biofilms contaminate the treatment water thereby putting patients and staff at risk of infection by predominantly gram-negative microbes. Biofilms in the water systems must be cleaned periodically with a strong decontaminant and the dental treatment source water needs to be modified with a low-grade antimicrobial that can preserve the water quality yet safe to humans. In this translational research study, we evaluate the effects of elemental iodine dissolved in water flowing through an iodine containing cartridge in controlling biofilm and dental treatment water contamination using a dental unit water system simulator, prior to clinical utilization. How to cite this article Puttaiah R, Seibert J, Spears R. Effects of Iodine in Microbial Control of Dental Treatment Water. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3):143-151.

scholarly journals Towards a Sustainable Small Non-Community Drinking Water System in Ontario: Owners’ Risk Awareness and Perceptions to Water Safety

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Fatih Sekercioglu ◽  
Jerry White ◽  
Dan Shrubsole ◽  
Jamie Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Risk Awareness ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

In Ontario, small non-community drinking water systems are defined as systems that make drinking water available to the public and are not connected to a community drinking water system. This study, using qualitative research approach, examines the risk awareness and perceptions of small non-community drinking water system owners in providing safe drinking water to their clients and protecting their water source. Our study yields the need for developing a sustainable operation model for small non-community drinking water systems. The study results provide recommendations to the regulatory agency for effective and efficient administration of the program such as offering customized and affordable training opportunities and developing effective communication strategies for owners and operators.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Metal Contaminants in United States Public Water Systems in 2013–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7884
Author(s):  
Alesha K. Thompson ◽  
Michele M. Monti ◽  
Matthew O. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Metal Contaminants ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Public Water Systems

The United States Environmental Protection Agency monitors contaminants in drinking water and consolidates these results in the National Contaminant Occurrence Database. Our objective was to assess the co-occurrence of metal contaminants (total chromium, hexavalent chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, and strontium) over the years 2013–2015. We used multilevel Tobit regression models with state and water system-level random intercepts to predict the geometric mean of each contaminant occurring in each public water system, and estimated the pairwise correlations of predicted water system-specific geometric means across contaminants. We found that the geometric means of vanadium and total chromium were positively correlated both in large public water systems (r = 0.45, p < 0.01) and in small public water systems (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). Further research may address the cumulative human health impacts of ingesting more than one contaminant in drinking water.

Sewers and the Quality of Canals and Ditches in Amsterdam

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jacobs ◽  
J. W. van Sluis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Water And Sediment Quality

The surface water system of Amsterdam is very complicated. Of two characteristic types of water systems the influences on water and sediment quality are investigated. The importance of the sewer output to the total loads is different for both water systems. In a polder the load from the sewers is much more important than in the canal basin. Measures to reduce the emission from the sewers are much more effective in a polder. The effect of these measures on sediment quality is more than the effect on water quality. Some differences between a combined sewer system and a separate sewer system can be found in sediment quality.

scholarly journals Willingness to Pay for Improved Operations and Maintenance Services of Gravity-Fed Water Schemes in Idjwi Island (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Ruben Jimenez-Redal ◽  
Germán Arana-Landín ◽  
Beñat Landeta ◽  
Jaime Larumbe
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Rural Water Systems

Developing understanding of the economic value that communities ascribe to improved operations and maintenance (O&M) services has emerged as a key factor in achieving financial sustainability for rural water systems. The present study elicits household willingness to pay (WTP) for improved O&M services in eight gravity-fed water schemes in Idjwi Island (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC). A contingent valuation survey was implemented through an open-ended format questionnaire to 1105 heads of household and a log-linear regression model was employed to assess the factors influencing higher values. Findings show an average willingness to pay of 327 Congolese Francs (CDF) per month and 36 CDF per bucket. Results also indicate a significant WTP differential among studied schemes. The analysis of the conditioning factors reveals that the level of excludability, the participation in management meetings and the time employed in fetching water from an improved source are contingent with their WTP. The findings of this study are important for development agents trying to establish acceptable, affordable and practicable tariffs that help finance reliable rural water systems in Idjwi.

Why England and not China and India? Water systems and the history of the Industrial Revolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terje Tvedt
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
System Factor ◽  
Historical Accounts

AbstractGlobal history has centred for a long time on the comparative economic successes and failures of different parts of the world, most often European versus Asian regions. There is general agreement that the balance changed definitively in the latter part of the eighteenth century, when in continental Europe and England a transformation began that revolutionized the power relations of the world and brought an end to the dominance of agrarian civilization. However, there is still widespread debate over why Europe and England industrialized first, rather than Asia. This article will propose an explanation that will shed new light on Europe’s and England’s triumph, by showing that the ‘water system’ factor is a crucial piece missing in existing historical accounts of the Industrial Revolution. It is argued that this great transformation was not only about modernizing elites, investment capital, technological innovation, and unequal trade relations, but that a balanced, inclusive explanation also needs to consider similarities and differences in how countries and regions related to their particular water systems, and in how they could exploit them for transport and the production of power for machines.

scholarly journals An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 201-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Messner ◽  
Susan Shaw ◽  
Stig Regli ◽  
Ken Rotert ◽  
Valerie Blank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water System ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Public Water Systems

In this paper, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presents an approach and a national estimate of drinking water related endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) that uses information from epidemiologic studies. There have been a limited number of epidemiologic studies that have measured waterborne disease occurrence in the United States. For this analysis, we assume that certain unknown incidence of AGI in each public drinking water system is due to drinking water and that a statistical distribution of the different incidence rates for the population served by each system can be estimated to inform a mean national estimate of AGI illness due to drinking water. Data from public water systems suggest that the incidence rate of AGI due to drinking water may vary by several orders of magnitude. In addition, data from epidemiologic studies show AGI incidence due to drinking water ranging from essentially none (or less than the study detection level) to a rate of 0.26 cases per person-year. Considering these two perspectives collectively, and associated uncertainties, EPA has developed an analytical approach and model for generating a national estimate of annual AGI illness due to drinking water. EPA developed a national estimate of waterborne disease to address, in part, the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments. The national estimate uses best available science, but also recognizes gaps in the data to support some of the model assumptions and uncertainties in the estimate. Based on the model presented, EPA estimates a mean incidence of AGI attributable to drinking water of 0.06 cases per year (with a 95% credible interval of 0.02–0.12). The mean estimate represents approximately 8.5% of cases of AGI illness due to all causes among the population served by community water systems. The estimated incidence translates to 16.4 million cases/year among the same population. The estimate illustrates the potential usefulness and challenges of the approach, and provides a focus for discussions of data needs and future study designs. Areas of major uncertainty that currently limit the usefulness of the approach are discussed in the context of the estimate analysis.

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