scholarly journals Characteristics of packaged water production facilities in Greater Accra, Ghana: implications for water safety and associated environmental impacts

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell D. K. Semey ◽  
Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi ◽  
Mawuli Dzodzomenyo ◽  
Jim Wright
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sachet Water

Abstract Packaged water (sold in bags or bottles) is widely consumed in many countries and is the main drinking-water source for most urban Ghanaian households. There are, however, few studies of packaged water production. This study aims to assess the source water, treatment, and manufacturing characteristics of sachet water (vended in 500 mL plastic bags), together with point-of-manufacture risks to hygienic production. A sample of 90 sachets was collected of brands sold in four neighbourhoods in Accra, Ghana, their packaging and physical characteristics recorded, and a risk score calculated from these. Production processes were observed at 60 associated sachet factories, producers interviewed, and surrounding neighbourhoods surveyed for contamination hazards. 80% of producers packaged groundwater from boreholes and all treated water via reverse osmosis. Almost all manufacturers (95%) reported site visits by regulators in the previous year and few risks to hygienic production were observed at factories. Sanitary risk scores were 9.2% higher at the seven factories never visited by a regulator, though this difference was not significant (t = 1.81; p = 0.07). This survey suggests most Ghanaian sachet water originates from groundwater and is comparatively safe, though a minority remains unregulated. Groundwater governance policy could support this industry in meeting Greater Accra's growing water demand through the designation of protected municipal wellfields.

Divergent responses of diverse microalgae commonly found in drinking water source water to UV-C treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Roszell ◽  
Po-Shun Chan ◽  
Brian Petri ◽  
Ted Mao ◽  
Kathleen Nolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Uv C

scholarly journals Identifying and Prioritizing Urban and Commercial Stormwater Concerns: City of Grants Pass, Oregon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Amie Siedlecki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
The City

For many communities, drinking water comes from surface water sources, or source water, such as rivers and creeks. Within the city of Grants Pass, Oregon, this is the case. The Rogue River, which spans 215 miles, beginning near Crater Lake and emptying into the ocean at Gold Beach, is Grants Pass’ drinking water source. While the capacity of the Rogue River, in relation to drinking water, is rarely an issue for the City of Grants Pass’ Public Works Department, the potential contaminant sources (PCS) from the urban, commercial, and industrial geographical areas of Grants Pass is a concern. In order to deploy treatment processes that are capable of targeting these PCS, it is important to have an idea of where and how these PCS are reaching the storm drains, creeks, and eventually the Rogue River. The purpose of this study was to identify area-specific risk components and how those components spatially aligned with PCS and their locations. Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis and a risk matrix were used to rank the PCS according to risk in relation to Grants Pass’ source water intake. PCS ranked as high priority, or exuding the highest risk to drinking water quality, were followed up with onthe- ground surveys. After surveying the high priority PCS, best management practices (BMP) recommendations were made to the City of Grants Pass to better protect the drinking water quality. Branching off of this initial project work came similar studies in many other Rogue Basin communities. With this continued work, improvements were made to streamline the processes, such as recording survey observations. Overall, this project work has led to many discoveries regarding threats to drinking water quality and how to best respond to certain types of threats.

Proactive optical monitoring of catchment dissolved organic matter for drinking water source protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Weatherill ◽  
Elena Fernandez-Pascual ◽  
Jean O'Dwyer ◽  
Elizabeth Gilchrist ◽  
Simon Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Optical Monitoring ◽  
Water Supplies

<p>Ireland has a far greater number of regulatory exceedances for trihalomethanes (THMs) in public water supplies than the next highest European Union member state. In Ireland, 82% of public water supplies originate from surface water catchments which require disinfection to inactivate pathogens and prevent the spread of waterborne diseases. Since the 1970s, it has been known that the use of chlorine for disinfection leads to the formation of potentially harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of which some are suspected carcinogens. THMs are one prominent class of at least 700 potentially harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) produced after chlorination of dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in source water which is not removed prior to disinfection.</p><p>We introduce a new research project, funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency entitled PRODOM: PRoactive Optical monitoring of catchment Dissolved Organic Matter for drinking water source protection. The overall aim of the research is to develop an integrated catchment-level understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of DOM precursors and associated DBP formation risk. The project will explore the relationship between optically-active DOM precursors and laboratory formation potentials for key DBPs including emerging classes of potentially more harmful nitrogenous DBPs. Through high-resolution spatial sampling we will develop geospatial DBP formation risk maps and identify risk-driving point and diffuse precursor sources. We will evaluate the potential of state-of-the-art UV fluorescence sensor technology to act as an early warning tool for proactive management of source water at sub-catchment scale. Using high-frequency time series monitoring of fluorescent precursors, we will identify high-risk periods in the catchment hydrograph and evaluate critical precursor sources and pathways to inform a series of catchment management measures designed to reduce DBP formation risk. </p>

scholarly journals The South Australian Safe Drinking Water Act: summary of the first year of operation

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Froscio ◽  
Natalie Bolton ◽  
Renay Cooke ◽  
Michelle Wittholz ◽  
David Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
First Year ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Safe Drinking Water Act ◽  
Potential Health

The Safe Drinking Water Act 2011 was introduced in South Australia to provide clear direction to drinking water providers on how to achieve water safety. The Act requires drinking water providers to register with SA Health and develop a risk management plan (RMP) for their water supply that includes operational and verification monitoring plans and an incident notification and communication protocol. During the first year of operation, 212 drinking water providers registered under the Act, including one major water utility and a range of small to medium sized providers in regional and remote areas of the State. Information was captured on water source(s) used and water treatment. Rainwater was the most frequently reported drinking water source (66%), followed by bore water (13%), on-supply or carting of mains water (13%), mixed source (rainwater with bore water backup) (6%) and surface water (3%). The majority of providers (91%) treated the water supply, 87% used disinfection. During the first year of operation, 16 water quality incidents were formally reported to SA Health. These included both microbial and chemical incidents. Case studies presented highlight how the RMPs are assisting drinking water providers to identify incidents of potential health concern and implement corrective actions.

scholarly journals Implications for Emergency Response to the Severe Odor Incident Occurred in Source Water: Potential Odorants and Control Strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyuan Guo ◽  
Zhaoxia Li ◽  
Tianming Chen ◽  
Bairen Yang ◽  
Cheng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
And Control

Abstract Sudden odor incidents occurring in the source water have been a severe problem for water suppliers. In order to apply emergency control measures effectively, it is necessary to identify the target compounds responsible for odor incidents rapidly. The present work identified the odorants and explored emergency disposal mechanisms for sudden and severe odors in the QT River's drinking water source (HZ city, China). Medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors with strong intensities were detected in the source water. The effect of conventional treatments of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) on odors' removal was limited, which was evident by the presence of medicinal, chemical, and musty odors with moderate intensities in the effluent of DWTP. Total seventeen odorants were identified successfully in the source water of QT River and the effluent of DWTP. The measured OAVs and reconstituting the identified odorants explained 87%, 87%, 89%, and 94% of medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors, respectively, in the source water of the QT River and 90%, 87%, and 88% of medicinal, chemical, and musty odors in the effluent. Styrene, phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, and 2-methylphenol were associated with the medicinal odor, while propyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, propyl disulfide, and indole were related to the septic odor. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) were responsible for the musty odor, and cyclohexanone, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and nitrobenzene were involved with the chemical odor. Based on the characteristics of identified odorants, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was applied to control the odors in the QT River. The results indicated that the medicinal, chemical, septic, and musty odors could be removed entirely after adding 15 mg/L PAC, which effectively controlled emergency odor problems. Overall, the study would offer a scientific basis and operational reference for emergency odor management and control in DWTP with similar complicated odor incidents.

scholarly journals Bench-scale assessment of three copper-based algaecide products for cyanobacteria management in source water

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Crafton ◽  
Jessica Glowczewski ◽  
Teresa Cutright ◽  
Don Ott
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Full Dose ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Half Dose

AbstractThree copper-based algaecide products were investigated for use in a drinking water source to address cyanobacteria growth. Bench-scale experiments were used to determine the optimal dose of each product given Lake Rockwell’s indigenous population and reservoir-specific characteristics. The optimal dose of Cutrine Ultra was determined to be a quarter dose (corresponding to 0.125 mg/L Cu) as it decreased 55% of the cyanobacteria population with limited release of microcystin and minimal rebound in the cyanobacteria population. The optimal dose for EarthTec was determined to be a half dose (i.e., 0.5 mg/L). The full dose was optimal for SeClear (1 mg/L Cu). The optimal doses had extracellular microcystin levels of 0.99 ± 0.09 µg/L (quarter dose Cutrine Ultra), 3.69 ± 0.43 µg/L (half dose EarthTec) and 0.92 ± 0.26 µg/L (full dose SeClear) by day 2. EarthTec and Cutrine Ultra facilitated a similar overall response, and the cyanobacteria population was predominately suppressed in the initial 2 days following treatment and then increased between 7 and 14 days after treatment (i.e., rebound). Both the suppression within the first 2 days and the rebound between 7 and 14 days after treatment were a function of dose (e.g., lower dose, larger increase in rebound). Although SeClear suppressed the cyanobacteria population during the initial 2 days after treatment (42,000 ± 3240 cells/mL at the baseline to 4822 ± 841), the cyanobacteria population rebounded significantly (p < 0.05) between 2 and 7 days after treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of rock alum pretreatment on biosand filter performance in Cambodia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Curry ◽  
Christopher P. Bloch ◽  
Vantha Hem
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Tonle Sap ◽  
Alum Treatment ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Alum is often recommended by WASH agencies as a pretreatment flocculent to improve filtration in biosand filters (BSFs) for communities using a turbid drinking water source. Floating villages on the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia using BSFs encounter severe declines in filtration rates while using alum, resulting in reduced use of the BSF. We tested the effect of rock alum treatment on flow rate and turbidity. The flow rate of all BSFs declined over time, but degradation of flow was more rapid for alum-treated water than untreated water. Rock alum treatments significantly reduced the turbidity of borrow pit source water. Filters switched to untreated river water decreased in turbidity to levels ≤ rock alum-treated river water. Rock alum treatments increased aluminum in source water 4–15 times, but filtration by BSFs decreased levels of aluminum to near 0.05 mg/L. Though rock alum effectively reduces turbidity in source water, we believe it continues its coagulation inside the BSF during pause periods, negatively impacting flow rates.

Global return flow ratio

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Flow Ratio ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Dug Wells

Population using an improved drinking water source (piped water into dwellings, yards or plots; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; or protected springs and rainwater) that is located on premises and available when needed and which is free of faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basin Pollution Quality Waste

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