scholarly journals Sanitation for all: a Panglossian perspective?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-729
Author(s):  
Priyam Das ◽  
Julia Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Central India ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Development Goals

Abstract At the deadline for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2.1 billion (109) people had gained access to improved sanitation and 95 countries were able to meet the MDG sanitation target. However, 2.4 billion still lacked improved sanitation facilities. India is among those countries where open defecation stubbornly persists. Despite decades of government spending on the construction of toilets, and the recent Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to eradicate open defecation, toilet use remains a challenge. To draw attention to the deep deficits in sanitation services in smaller Indian cities, we explore what motivates sanitation uptake by the urban poor. Household survey data from 13 low-income settlements combined with interviews, focus-group discussions, and transect walks in three cities in central India allowed us to examine factors that influenced resource-constrained households' toilet ownership and toilet use versus open defecation. Our findings indicate that in urban settings, toilet ownership could, in fact, deter open defecation given the presence of other key conditions. Programs to build toilets under the SBM could, therefore, see favorable outcomes in cities provided there is a broadening of access to sanitation to include fecal sludge management. Our findings also underscore the importance of coproducing basic services.

scholarly journals Geo-spatial modeling of access to water and sanitation in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benson Ajisegiri ◽  
Luis A. Andres ◽  
Samir Bhatt ◽  
Basab Dasgupta ◽  
Juan A. Echenique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Network ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Basic Services

Abstract The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations’ access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-referenced, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1 × 1 km2. Overall, the findings suggest a sharp urban–rural divide in terms of access to improved water, basic water, and improved water on premises, a low availability of piped water on premises and of sewerage systems throughout the country, a high concentration of improved sanitation in select states, and low rates of nationwide open defecation, with a few pockets of high rates of open defecation in the central and southern non-coastal regions. Predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

scholarly journals Beyond ‘improved’ towards ‘safe and sustainable’ urban sanitation: assessing the design, management and functionality of sanitation in poor communities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Jenkins ◽  
O. Cumming ◽  
B. Scott ◽  
S. Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Residential Properties ◽  
Improved Sanitation

This study assessed sanitation access in rapidly expanding informal settlements in Dar es Salaam (Dar) against eight proposed indicators of hygienic safety, sustainability and functionality, and in relation to the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) ‘improved’ sanitation definition. Information was collected on toilet facility designs, management and functionality through a structured interview and observations at 662 randomly selected residential properties across 35 unplanned, low-income sub-wards of Dar. Trends in access and associations with sharing, occupancy, latrine replacement, income, education and location factors were considered through statistical analyses. Surveyed sub-wards were open-defecation free. While 56% of households used a facility that met the MDG improved technology definition, only 8% had a functional facility that could be considered as hygienically safe and sustainable sanitation. Safe, sustainable, functioning sanitation access was 2.6 times greater among the richest quintile than the two poorest quintiles. Very poor sanitation services among Dar's urban poor arise from widespread lack of access to hygienically safe pit emptying services, unhygienic designs and functionality problems (affecting 67, 55 and 29%, respectively). As new goals and targets beyond 2015 are discussed, these findings may have important implications for defining what constitutes ‘improved’ sanitation for poor populations living in unplanned informal settlements.

scholarly journals Getting a foot on the sanitation ladder: user satisfaction and willingness to pay for improved public toilets in Accra, Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Mariwah ◽  
Kate Hampshire ◽  
Constance Owusu-Antwi
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Low Income ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Ladder ◽  
Public Toilets

Rapid urban growth in developing countries has led to an increase in unplanned, high-density settlements dependent on public toilets for sanitation, yet we know relatively little about users' perceptions and concerns about such facilities. This paper seeks to explore user satisfaction and willingness to pay for improved sanitation services in Accra. Utilising a questionnaire, data were gathered from 245 users of public toilets in two low-income communities of Accra. 80.8% of users expressed overall dissatisfaction with the public toilets, the main areas of concern being: long queues and waiting times, unpleasant smells, dirtiness, concerns about security and lack of running water and soap. The majority of the respondents said that they would be willing to pay higher fees for improved services. Operators should take note of this and explore the potential market for building and maintaining high-quality public toilet facilities as a means to ending open defecation and getting on the first step on the sanitation ladder.

Deprivation in slums and child poverty: study on Kolkata

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 739-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil De ◽  
Tirthankar Nag
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Basic Services

Purpose – The study attempts to look into the poverty and deprivation in slums across various social and religious groups and its bearing on the children. It not only analyses income poverty but also looks at derivation of access to basic services including water, sanitation and drainage. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the income and non-income deprivation of childbearing and non-childbearing households. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a survey of 541 sample households selected from 23 slums of Kolkata, India. The authors have adopted a mixture of cluster sampling and systematic sampling technique. The slums of Kolkata have been segregated into three regions and further segregated by overlaying the population and average monthly income of slums. Slums have been selected randomly from these stratums. Households have been selected from the slums by systematic sampling method. Findings – The Muslim and backward caste households are more deprived with respect to income and access to basic services as compared to Hindu general (upper) caste. Deprivations with respect to income and basic services are more pronounced for households having child than for households not having child. Childbearing households are less likely to receive better water supply, sanitation and drainage services as compared to others due to their religious and residential identities. Slum children get affected by the complex political economy of basic service delivery. The study also finds that electoral competition has positive and political clientelism has negative impact on access to basic services. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on results obtained from survey in one city of India. Hence, these results cannot be generalized for India or for the developing countries taken together. Further studies across cities of developing countries are required to arrive at any generalized conclusion. Practical implications – The study suggests that public policies should attempt to disentangle minorities and children from the local political economy. Otherwise, deprivation and disparity even across low income households living in slums would persist. Deprivation of child bearing households would lead to a deteriorating future for the slum children. Social implications – This paper have pave the path for new generation public policy for the urban poor and minorities. Originality/value – This paper highlights the incidence of deprivation of minorities and childbearing households vis-à-vis other households in the slums. It contributes to the overall understanding on urban poverty.

scholarly journals Barriers and opportunities for management of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheillah Simiyu ◽  
Raphael M. Kweyu ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Kwaku A. Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract Background Sharing of sanitation is commonly being practiced in low income areas in Sub Saharan Africa. However, the JMP categorizes shared sanitation as a limited sanitation service due to concerns of cleanliness and safety. The shared facilities are often the only option available for most of the residents in low income settlements, and improving the management is key to reducing open defecation and risk of disease. This study sought to investigate barriers and opportunities for improved management of shared sanitation in low income settlements of Kisumu in Kenya.Methods Thirty nine In-depth interviews and 11 Focus group discussions were held with residents, including tenants and landlords. Analysis followed a thematic approach to define the problem, specify the target behaviour and define what needs to change.Results Pit latrines were commonly shared among landlords and tenants. Shared sanitation facilities were unclean due to poor use and lack of cleaning. As respondents specified attributes of clean and useable shared toilets, they also identified behavioural, physical, social and motivational opportunities for improvement, and the key stakeholders that should be involved in shared sanitation interventions. Social opportunities such as clear cleaning plans, communication, and problem solving mechanisms between landlords and tenants were most commonly reported.Conclusion The results highlight the need to focus on social aspects for improvement of shared sanitation management in low income settlements. Through a social approach, shared sanitation facilities can be managed appropriately to afford the millions of low income dwellers an opportunity to access sanitation. This study provides further evidence on approaches for improved management of shared sanitation facilities in line with the JMP’s recommendation for well managed shared facilities.

scholarly journals Sustainability analysis of new household connections to the municipal sewage collection network in Paraná

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Marlene Alves de Campos Sachet ◽  
Patrícia Bilotta
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Environmental Initiatives ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Low Income Families

  The implementation of sewage collection systems alone does not guarantee public health, since households must be correctly connected to the network in order to derive any benefit from these public works. In order to ensure an environmental and social return on investments in sanitation, a) population must be instructed concerning the role of each citizen, and b) companies responsible for the provision of water and sewage services must be managed in a coordinated and participative manner. This study sought to understand why many households do not respond promptly to the “Connect to the Network” program in the state of Parana and how much the further efforts cost to the sanitation company to regularize this problem. The methodology consisted of analyzing the program’s socio-environmental intervention strategies, interviews and service reports for 17 projects (13,286 household connections). The results: no projects achieved 100% of household connections; total connections were less than 80% in 40% of the projects; the additional cost of re-implementing social and environmental initiatives was R$ 680,000.00. We recommend that user representatives be allowed to participate in the network-deployment process, that social awareness and mobilization strategies be expanded and diversified, and that free home connections be completed for low-income families. This study may aid development agencies to arrive at a standardized methodology for the objective evaluation of socio-environmental initiatives that are to be carried out within the community; it may also aid in the fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly Goal 6 (sanitation services for the entire population).

scholarly journals When is shared sanitation acceptable in low-income urban settlements? A user perspective on shared sanitation quality in Kumasi, Kisumu and Dhaka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-968
Author(s):  
Vasco Schelbert ◽  
Dario Meili ◽  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Sheillah Simiyu ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Incremental Step

Abstract Shared sanitation facilities (SSFs) have contributed considerably to sanitation access in many low-income settlements. While many SSFs are of unacceptable quality, others have been found to be a hygienically safe and a socially and economically viable sanitation option. Within its framework, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), evaluating progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, considers shared sanitation as ‘limited sanitation’. Overall, there is uncertainty about the criteria to distinguish between unacceptable and acceptable quality of SSF. In our study, we used a user-centred qualitative approach in low-income urban settlements in Kumasi (Ghana), Kisumu (Kenya) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) and conducted 17 focus group discussions to evaluate how SSF users define the quality of an SSF and which aspects they consider as essential priorities for good-quality SSF. In descending order, the user priorities identified are: immediate water access, cleanliness, gender-separated toilets, flush toilets, lighting for use at night, lockable/functional doors, tiling, handwashing stations and privacy. This list can serve as input to the sanitation guidelines, local building codes and the establishment of minimum national sanitation standards. SSFs that meet these minimal criteria can then be promoted as an incremental step when individual household facilities are not feasible.

Access to basic services during the transition from MDGs to SDGs: more rhetoric than reality in a Bangladesh slum

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Nazmul Haque ◽  
Mustafa Saroar ◽  
Md. Abdul Fattah ◽  
Syed Riad Morshed ◽  
Nuzhat Fatema
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Low Income ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
National Level ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Development Goals

Purpose This paper aims to assess the progress in the provision of basic services in urban slums in Bangladesh during the transition period of millennium development goals (MDGs) to sustainable development goals (SDGs). Design/methodology/approach The study used a mixed method of research. The empirical part of the research was conducted in three Blocks of Rupsha slum in Khulna city. Randomly selected 120 households were interviewed through a structured questionnaire; three focus group discussion sessions (FGDs) were also conducted. Progress in the slum residents’ access to basic services during the transition from MDGs to SDGs is tacked based on primary data. The User Satisfaction Index (USI) and Network Analysis tools in ArcGIS are used to identify the gaps in service provision. Findings Findings show that a very significant proportion of families (56.67%) encounter an acute level of difficulties to gain smooth access to water services. About 89% of respondents have only access to a common or shared toilet facility where one common toilet is used by 20–25 persons. About 31% of families are unable to send their children to primary school even after four years of the adoption of SDGs. Achievements in most indicators of basic services in the slum are in general lower than the national level. Moreover, there exists spatial variability within the same slum. After four years of the transition from MDGs to SDGs, most of the services are poorly satisfying the residents of the Rupsha slum, and water service provision is in worse condition. The findings of this study have unveiled that while achievement in target areas is appreciable at the macro level, at the micro-level; however, good achievement in the provision of few basic services in the low-income settlement is more rhetoric than reality. Therefore, a lot more work needs to be done during the SDG phase to give the slum residents a decent quality of life as they have missed the MDGs’ train. Originality/value Study single-out works need to be done during the SDGs phase to give the slum residents a decent quality of life as they have missed the MDGs’ train.

A critical evaluation of Rwanda's potential to achieve the millennium development goals for clean water and sanitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Pamela Abbott ◽  
Aimé Tsinda ◽  
Roger Sapsford ◽  
John Rwirahira
Keyword(s):  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Individual

In the world-wide Millennium Development Goals initiative, Rwanda promised to halve by 2015 the number of people who lacked access to safe water and improved sanitation in 1990. Progress has been made in access to water, but the target figure will probably not be met. Targets for improved sanitation will be met on the original definition of ‘improved’, though probably not if shared provision is excluded. However, beyond the usual rural/urban divide, the article highlights how the numerical target conceals a serious problem in the capital city, where ‘informal settlements’ have grossly inadequate provision. We argue that the problems are not soluble at the individual level; a whole and unbreakable chain of provision is needed. Centralised provision is also not very feasible in Rwanda, so Government and/or development partners will probably have to work at the level of communities to set up sanitation chains and train communities in servicing them. Solving the problem is essential if the urban poor are to be offered a decent life and to solve the public health problem of contaminated water.

scholarly journals Leaving no one behind? Analysis of trends in access to water and sanitation services in the slum areas of Nairobi, 2003–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudious Chikozho ◽  
Damazo T. Kadengye ◽  
Marylene Wamukoya ◽  
Benedict O. Orindi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
City Council ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Key Barrier ◽  
The One ◽  
Slum Areas

Abstract Service provision backlogs in access to improved water and sanitation services remain a key barrier to the health and well-being of people living in Nairobi's slum areas. In this paper, we use quantitative data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System to analyze the extent to which residents of Nairobi's slum areas have been able to access improved water and sanitation services from 2003 to 2015. This trend analysis reveals a slow but observable increase in access to improved sanitation facilities and garbage disposal services, while access to improved sources of water decreased. We conclude that the best scenario is the one in which all the three indicators have significantly improved during the period under consideration rather than having only some of them improving, while the others stagnate or decline. We recommend that Nairobi City Council and sector development partners refocus their attention towards increasing access to improved water and sanitation services in the urban low-income areas because lack of access to these essential services may expose people to waterborne diseases. It also threatens to leave behind a substantial number of people as the country moves towards the attainment of the water and sanitation-related sustainable development goals.

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