scholarly journals History of sanitation and hygiene technologies in the Hellenic world

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Yannopoulos ◽  
Christos Yapijakis ◽  
Asimina Kaiafa-Saropoulou ◽  
George Antoniou ◽  
Andreas N. Angelakis
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

Sanitation and hygiene technologies have existed in ancient Hellas since the Bronze Age (ca. 3200–1100 bc), when extensive sewerage and drainage and other elaborate sanitary structures were known in Minoan palaces and towns. Classical and Hellenistic periods should be considered as the most progressive eras in the design of sanitary engineering. At that time anatomically shaped toilet seats are found in several sites since many private houses and public buildings have them. As cities grew in size the pressure of larger populations resulted in the construction of communal toilets with seats that were more densely packed together. Drainage and sewerage systems and sanitary installations reflect high cultural and technological levels and they are associated with contemporary observations and ideas about hygiene and medicine. Before the Hellenic advances, medicine was entirely confined to religious beliefs and metaphysical rituals. In the early Roman period, the knowledge of the ancient world on hygienic matter was incorporated in legislative rules. Despite the weakening of this legislation through the ages, the sanitation practices kept being applied even via a technical tradition of the masons. Later various rulers of the Hellenic world (Europeans or Ottomans), introduced their practices (traditional/scientific) sanitation in the greater Helladic regions.

Field Systems, Orientation, and Cosmology

2021 ◽  
pp. 218-256
Author(s):  
Chris Green ◽  
Chris Gosden
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Field Systems ◽  
The Bronze Age

We start with history of past work on field systems, as well as an outline of different fields, starting with the so-called Celtic fields to the medieval open field systems. We undertake a computer-based analysis of the layout and orientation of fields from the Bronze Age to the end of the Roman period, showing that there are persistent orientations, which probably had to do with the rising and setting sun, which lasted millennia. The landscape was used for pragmatic reasons, primarily the growing of food, but was also laid out following long-lasting cosmological principles probably linked to the movement of the sun and perhaps other bodies in the night sky. The biggest change in the layout of the landscape occurred in the early medieval period, when strip fields had quite different orientations from fields of earlier periods. At important element of this chapter is the presentation of a methodology which can be used on digital versions of other field systems in Britain or elsewhere.

SOME COMMENTS ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OXUS CIVILIZATION IN THEARABIAN GULF

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Khayitmurod Khurramov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Unique Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Marine Shell

It is known that the Oxus civilization in the Bronze Age, with its unique material culture, interacted with a number of cultural countries: the Indian Valley, Iran, Mesopotamia, Elam and other regions. As a result of these relationships, interactions and interactions are formed. Archaeologists turn to archaeological and written sources to shed light on the historiography of this period. This research is devoted to the history of cultural relations between the Oxus civilization and the countries of the Arabian Gulf in the Bronze Age. The article highlights cultural ties based on an analysis of stamp seals and unique artifacts.Key words: Dilmun, Magan, marine shell, Arabian Gulf, Bahrain, Mesopotamia, Harappa, Gonur, Afghanistan

ARCHAEOLOGISTS M.P. GRYAZNOV, V.I. MATYUSHCHENKO AND THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
MARSADOLOV L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The State ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age

Many decades the life and work of Mikhail Petrovich Gryaznov (1902-1984) was connected with the State Hermitage museum. Long-term friendship bound him with Vladimir Ivanovich Matyushchenko (1928-2005). These archaeologists were lucky in the excavations in the field and in the office behind a desk that was reached by stressful daily work. The most valuable materials from the excavations of M.P. Gryaznov were transferred to the Hermitage (Pazyryk-1, Arzhan-1), and in the museum's funds he taught a course in tracology for students of LSU. Archaeologists are well aware of the scientific works of VI. Matyushchenko on the history of Siberian archaeology, materials from excavations of the Bronze Age sites in the Tomsk and Omsk regions (Elovka, Rostovka and others), and the mounds of the Xiongnu era in Sidorovka. This article briefly discusses the main stages of M.P. Gryaznov's work in the Hermitage and his further relations with this museum. The author of the article was familiar with M.P. Gryaznov and VI. Matyushchenko, studied archaeology with them, gained experience and repeatedly helped them, both in the Hermitage and beyond. Keywords: M.P Gryaznov, V.I. Matyushchenko, hermitage, Pazyryk, Arzhan, state award

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document